Abstract
Background Nutrition is an important factor that impacts health, yet in Canada, there have been only a few surveys reflecting dietary intakes. The Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS) is a national survey that includes both food intake data as targeted questions and objective health measures. The aim of this research was to determine how food group intake data reported in CHMS is related to food group intakes from Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) (2004). A secondary objective was to examine the dietary status of Canadians across sociodemographic levels. Methods The CHMS Cycles 1 and 2 food group intake data (meat and alternatives; milk products; grains; vegetables and fruits; dietary fat consumption; and beverages) of Canadians (6–79 years, n=11,387) were descriptively compared to previously reported intake of Canadians from CCHS 2.2 in 2004. Further, Canadians' food intakes were assessed across sociodemographic characteristics. Results The CHMS dietary intake data from vegetables and fruits and from milk products groups were similar to the dietary intake reported from CCHS 2.2. For the other food groups, the difference in intakes suggested CHMS data by FFQ were not complete. However, similar patterns in food intakes with regards to age/sex and income were observed in both surveys. Conclusion Not all food groups measured in CHMS provide complete dietary intake data as compared to CCHS 2.2, yet CHMS food group intakes provide valuable information when it comes to evaluating dietary intake across different population groups.
Highlights
Based on the Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS) data sets used in this analysis Canadians reported having 1.62, 1.64, 4.33, 2.17, 0.47, 0.47, 0.14, and 0.7 serving/day from meat and alternatives; milk products; vegetables and fruits; grain products; dietary fat; sugarsweetened beverages (SSB); diet drinks; and fruit and vegetable juice, respectively (Table 1)
Comparing the intake data of the four main food groups from CHMS with data reported from Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) 2.2 [3], the total intakes from milk products and from vegetables and fruits were similar (Figure 1)
E reported meat and alternatives and Grain Products intake data should be used with caution as key foods in these groups were omitted from the food frequency questionnaire (FFQ)
Summary
Research has determined the impact of nutrition on health among populations; in Canada, only a few national surveys have included a dietary intake section. e first national nutrition survey, “Nutrition Canada” conducted from 1970 to 1972, indicated that Canadians had some nutrient inadequacies from diet and clinical or biochemical deficiencies (e.g., serum folate) [1]. e second comprehensive national survey was conducted in 2004 as a part of the series of Canadian Community Health Surveys (CCHS) [2]. is nutrition-focused survey was called CCHS 2.2 and included a repeated 24-hour dietary recall for collecting usual dietary intake data. ese data showed low compliance of Canadians to the recommended intake of food groups [3].e Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS) is a national survey that includes both food intake data and objective health measures. is survey is ongoing and has been running in biyearly cycles since 2007 [4]. Is tool is less expensive, Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism is more feasible, and has less random within-person variation than other methods; it is a common candidate for large survey data [7] This measurement tool is less accurate in estimating the nutrient composition of food and requires more cognitive task resulting in higher measurement error compared to a 24-hour dietary recall [8]. E aim of this research, is to determine how well the FFQ on CHMS encompasses current dietary guidance and represents the food consumption patterns of Canadians To fulfill this purpose, results from CHMS are compared to previously published results form CCHS 2.2 [3]. E aim of this research was to determine how food group intake data reported in CHMS is related to food group intakes from Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) (2004). Not all food groups measured in CHMS provide complete dietary intake data as compared to CCHS 2.2, yet CHMS food group intakes provide valuable information when it comes to evaluating dietary intake across different population groups
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