Abstract
In 2014, the Public Health Agency of Canada estimated that 21% of the people living with HIV in Canada were unaware of their infection. Increased screening and testing for HIV is crucial to reducing the number of undiagnosed infections. To ensure the best use of available resources, it is important to determine the optimal intervals for HIV screening and testing. To conduct a systematic review of the recommendations for the frequency of HIV screening and testing in different populations. To identify eligible guidelines, a comprehensive two-tiered search strategy of journals and websites of governments and non-governmental organizations and a three-tiered screening strategy (title, abstract and full content screen) were used. Guidelines were eligible for inclusion if they, a) were published between 2000 and 2015 in English or French, and b) provided guidance on HIV screening/testing intervals for at least one population. Of the 609 documents retrieved from the search, 34 guidelines met the eligibility criteria. The most frequently mentioned populations were pregnant women, men who have sex with men (MSM) and the general population. Overall, there was consensus on at least annual testing for MSM, intravenous drug users, individuals with HIV-positive sex partners, individuals with multiple partners, sex workers and their clients, migrants from HIV-endemic countries and indigenous peoples. Of the 20 guidelines that provided recommendations for pregnant women, the most common recommendation (n=9) was to test as early as possible during each pregnancy; four guidelines recommended screening during the first prenatal visit; three recommended routine HIV testing; and four suggested retesting in the third trimester regardless of maternal risk of HIV infection. Consensus on HIV testing of the general public, incarcerated people and individuals diagnosed with other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) was lacking. Four guidelines cited a lack of data for not providing specific recommendations in the general population. Additional evidence is needed to refine the recommendations for pregnant women and inform the optimal timing of HIV testing, especially in the general population, individuals diagnosed with other STIs and incarcerated people.
Highlights
Diagnosed and treated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is considered a chronic disease [1]
Additional evidence is needed to refine the recommendations for pregnant women and inform the optimal timing of HIV testing, especially in the general population, individuals diagnosed with other sexually transmitted infection (STI) and incarcerated people
Research among men who have sex with men (MSM), injection drug users (IDUs) and heterosexual men and women indicates that once individuals learn of their HIV-positive status they are more likely to take steps to minimize the likelihood of transmission [9]
Summary
Diagnosed and treated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is considered a chronic disease [1]. Detection and treatment of HIV is important for the individuals who are infected and to prevent transmission of the virus [2]. Clinical trials have shown that early initiation of HIV treatment reduces viral load, thereby decreasing infectivity and potentially preventing HIV transmission [3,4]. Low rates of screening and testing have been identified as a potential limiting factor in the success of HIV-prevention strategies [5,6]. In 2014, the Public Health Agency of Canada estimated that 21% of the people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Canada were unaware of their infection. To ensure the best use of available resources, it is important to determine the optimal intervals for HIV screening and testing
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