Abstract
The ageing of the population is rapidly escalating worldwide irrespective of unpredictable health challenges like climate change, emerging infectious disease, a microbe that develops drug resistance. India is also experiencing rapid socioeconomic progress and urbanization and the result of this demographic transition is population ageing. Even though there is an increase in life expectancy, there is no increase in health span, and thus increased life expectancy leads to ‘expansion of morbidity'. Longer life expectancy with the expansion of morbidity could enforce a challenge to geroscience as well as a substantial health burden and a threat to the national economy.
 In normal ageing, chronological age equates to biological age but certain disease conditions accelerate biological age. Similarly, intervention with physical activity, anti-ageing nutraceuticals would slow down the rate ageing process and provide powerful benefits for longevity. The current review article is based on MeSH and free-text terms in databases such as PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and Science Direct. This article aims to provide an overview of the concept of biological ageing with emphasis on the pathophysiology of ageing, quantification of biological ageing and the anti-ageing strategies.
Highlights
The reports of "World Population Ageing 2019" projected that proportion of the grey population aged 60 years and above is rising quicker than other age groups globally (1)
WHO describes active ageing as "The process of optimizing opportunities for health, participation, and security to enhance the quality of life as people age including those who are frail, disabled, and in need of care”
Since each 5 kg/m2 rise in Body Mass Index is correlated with overall mortality increased by 30%, vascular mortality increased by 40%, and diabetic, renal, and hepatic mortality increased by 60%– 120%., BMI is a beneficial indicator of whole adiposity (16)
Summary
The reports of "World Population Ageing 2019" projected that proportion of the grey population aged 60 years and above is rising quicker than other age groups globally (1). A sustained number of biomarkers such as markers of physiological systems, metabolic markers, markers of inflammation, indicators of oxidative injury, and cellular senescence markers like DNA damage and telomere shortening are useful predictors of healthy ageing. Multiple organ systems experience natural senescence as they age triggers the incidence of various pathologies These chronic pathological conditions further accelerate the biological ageing processes and exert a negative impact on the physiological reserve, culminating in death (27). A study by Kennedy et al, (30) has recognized seven mechanisms that link ageing to chronic diseases They include metabolic derangement, inflammation, adaptation to stress, stem cell exhaustion, loss of proteostasis, macromolecular damage and epigenetic modifications. Some of the pharmacological and nutritional anti-ageing approaches which can reduce the ageing process are as follows: Pharmacological interventions:
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