Abstract
The annual production from global aquaculture has increased rapidly from 2.6 million tons or 3.9% of the total supply of fish, shellfish and mollusks in 1970, to 66.7 million tons or 42.2% in 2012, while capture fisheries have more or less leveled out at about 90 million tons per year since the turn of the century. Consequently, the future seafood supply is likely to depend on a further increase of aquaculture production. Unlike terrestrial animal farming, less than 10% of the aquaculture production comes from domesticated and selectively bred farm stocks. This situation has substantial consequences in terms of poorer resource efficiency, poorer product quality and poorer animal welfare. The history of biological and technical challenges when establishing selective breeding programs for aquaculture is discussed, and it is concluded that most aquaculture species may now be domesticated and improved by selection. However, the adoption of selective breeding in aquaculture is progressing slowly. This paper reports on a study carried out in 2012 to identify key issues to address in promoting the development of genetically improved aquaculture stocks. The study involved semi structured interviews of 34 respondents from different sectors of the aquaculture society in East and Southeast Asia, where 76% of the global aquaculture production is located. Based on the interviews and literature review, three key factors are identified: (i) long-term public commitment is often needed for financial support of the breeding nucleus operation (at least during the first five to ten generations of selection); (ii) training at all levels (from government officers and university staff to breeding nucleus and hatchery operators, as well as farmers); and (iii) development of appropriate business models for benefit sharing between the breeding, multiplier and grow-out operators (whether being public, cooperative or private operations). The public support should be invested in efforts of selective breeding on the most important and highest volume species, which may not be a priority for investment by private breeders due to, for instance, long generation intervals and delays in return to investment.
Highlights
The annual production from global aquaculture has increased rapidly from 2.6 million tons or 3.9%of the total supply of fish, shellfish and mollusks in 1970, to 66.7 million tons or 42.2% in 2012 [1].Capture fisheries have more or less leveled out at about 90 million tons per year since the turn of the century, partly because the exploitation has reached or surpassed the carrying capacity of many major fishery stocks [1,2]
It was clear from the interviews that seed quality is a prioritized area of development in aquaculture by Government in China, Malaysia and Vietnam
Governments in China and Vietnam recognize the need for public funding of fish breeding programs according to the governmental officers and researchers interviewed
Summary
The annual production from global aquaculture has increased rapidly from 2.6 million tons or 3.9%of the total supply of fish, shellfish and mollusks in 1970, to 66.7 million tons or 42.2% in 2012 [1].Capture fisheries have more or less leveled out at about 90 million tons per year since the turn of the century, partly because the exploitation has reached or surpassed the carrying capacity of many major fishery stocks [1,2]. Aquaculture is the country’s fastest growing food sector (5% to 6% annual growth in volume from 2000 to 2012), and its output reached 40 million metric tons (including mollusks, excluding algae) in 2012, four times the production volume in 1990 [1,4]. Vietnam is another Southeast Asian country with a tremendous growth of aquaculture production during the past decade (tripled since 2003), exceeding its capture fisheries [1], and with a need and potential for further expansion [5,6]
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