Can subjective resource value affect aggressiveness and contest outcome in parasitoid wasps?

Abstract

Although animal contests for resources are often settled in favour of individuals with the greatest fighting abilities, other factors, such as those affecting the value that contestants place on the resource, can also influence contest resolution and aggressiveness. For example, competitors should fight more fiercely for access to larger than smaller food items. However, this also depends on contestants’ subjective value of the resource: individuals deprived of a given resource should value it more highly than individuals that recently had access to it. They should therefore be more aggressive and win contests more frequently. In some parasitoid species, adult females fight for hosts on which to lay eggs and feed. Using the parasitoid Eupelmus vuilleti, we investigated the effect on contest outcome of two factors affecting females’ subjective host value: the quality of the habitat previously encountered by females (either rich or poor in hosts) and females’ physiological state (i.e. the number of ready-to-lay eggs in their ovaries). Subjective host value should increase with both host scarcity and egg load. We first described the agonistic behaviours displayed by E. vuilleti females during contests and then verified that difference in habitat quality was perceived by females (they modified their host exploitation behaviours accordingly) but did not affect their egg load, so that the effects of both factors could be separated. Both habitat quality experience and egg load affected contest outcomes, with egg load asymmetry being the main factor in this species. Our results support game theoretical predictions.