Can Senegalese sole post-larvae effectively grow on low dietary DHA and lipid levels during weaning?

Abstract

Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) is a highly-valuable flatfish species with interest for diversification of aquaculture in Mediterranean countries. Unlike other fish species known to have a high dietary DHA requirement during the larval stage, several studies have suggested dietary DHA could play a minor role for Senegalese sole during the early developmental stages. This suggestion was recently supported by studies that indicated an ability of Senegalese sole to biosynthesise DHA from its precursors during the larval period. However, it is still uncertain if Senegalese sole post-larvae can effectively grow on low dietary DHA levels during weaning. Moreover, recent studies focusing on the juvenile phase of Senegalese sole have suggested a possible impairment of this species to efficiently digest or absorb high dietary lipid levels. Yet, if a reduction of dietary lipid levels would affect a normal development of Senegalese sole during the early stages remains to be established. Therefore, this study aimed at determining if a reduction of dietary DHA and lipid levels would affect Senegalese sole performance and lipid metabolism during weaning and post-larval period. In this study, Senegalese sole post-larvae were reared according to four dietary treatments: low lipid levels (treatments LFAT and LFAT_DHA) and moderate lipid levels (MODFAT and MODFAT_DHA). DHA levels in LFAT_DHA and MODFAT_DHA diets were higher than in LFAT and MODFAT diets, respectively. Subsequently, effects of experimental diets on Senegalese sole post-larval growth, survival, fatty acid composition and histopathological condition of intestinal and liver tissues were evaluated. Results showed that feeding on diets with low DHA and lipid levels significantly reduced the growth performance of Senegalese sole post-larvae. However, at the end of the experimental period, no significant differences were observed for post-larval survival in response to dietary treatments. In overall, this study disadvises that weaning diets for Senegalese sole post-larvae should contain low DHA and lipid levels, as a reduction of these levels may compromise post-larval growth performance. Statement of relevanceDetermining essential fatty acid requirements in marine fish larvae is of utmost importance for the aquaculture industry, contributing to fulfil the growth potential of farmed species. In the case of Senegalese sole, a highly valued species farmed in Mediterranean countries, it may have the capacity to biosynthesise DHA from its precursors during the larval stage. However, the inclusion of DHA-rich oils in weaning diets is costly, considerable savings could be achieved by replacing DHA-rich oils by common fish oils in weaning diets for this species. Furthermore, Senegalese sole has also been shown a poor ability to deal with high dietary lipid levels during the juvenile stage. However, no studies have addressed this capacity in Senegalese sole larvae. This study comprises an evaluation on the effects of reducing dietary DHA and lipid levels during Senegalese sole weaning by integrating an assessment of these effects on post-larval growth, survival, fatty acid composition and histopathological condition.