Abstract
Economists and biologists generally explain cooperation as the result of self-interested action either in repeated interactions or among relatives. We review these models, showing that while repeated interactions in dyads or among relatives do not require other-regarding preferences, cooperation among large numbers of unrelated individuals—a characteristic of human cooperation—cannot be explained in this manner. Other-regarding preferences such as altruism and reciprocity are essential to understanding why humans are, uniquely among animals, a cooperative species.
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