Abstract
Polyphenols, a diverse group of naturally occurring molecules commonly found in higher plants, have been heavily investigated over the last two decades due to their potent biological activities—among which the most important are their antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities. A common route of polyphenol intake in humans is through the diet. Since they are subjected to excessive metabolism in vivo it has been questioned whether their much-proven in vitro bioactivity could be translated to in vivo systems. Ferroptosis is a newly introduced, iron-dependent, regulated mode of oxidative cell death, characterized by increased lipid peroxidation and the accumulation of toxic lipid peroxides, which are considered to be toxic reactive oxygen species. There is a growing body of evidence that ferroptosis is involved in the development of almost all chronic diseases. Thus, ferroptosis is considered a new therapeutic target for offsetting many diseases, and researchers are putting great expectations on this field of research and medicine. The aim of this review is to critically analyse the potential of polyphenols to modulate ferroptosis and whether they can be considered promising compounds for the alleviation of chronic conditions.
Highlights
Polyphenols (PCs) are a large heterogeneous group of naturally occurring molecules commonly found in higher plants
It was recently confirmed that supplementation with dihydroorotate—which is a substrate of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH), the enzyme which reduces ubiquinone to ubiquinol—inhibits ferroptosis independently of the GSH/GPx4 and FSP1/Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) systems
Cyanidin-3-glucoside decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, lipid peroxidation, and iron accumulation, and increased expression of GPX4 rat cardiac myoblast cells (H9c2) where ferroptosis was induced by oxygen glucose deprivation/re-oxygenation rats were treated with cyanidin-3-glucoside with intraperitoneal injection before myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury was induced
Summary
Polyphenols (PCs) are a large heterogeneous group of naturally occurring molecules commonly found in higher plants. PCs mostly occur in a conjugated form as glycosides, with sugar residues linked predominantly to the hydroxy groups or directly to an aromatic carbon, or as esters with organic acids. They can be present in plants in a free form, but much less frequently. According to some rough estimations, the mean daily total flavonoid intake in the U.S is 189.7 mg/d, from which there are listed classes present in different percentages: flavan-3-ols (83.5%), followed by flavanones (7.6%), flavanols (6.8%), anthocyanidins (1.6%), flavones (0.8%), and isoflavones (0.6%) [7]. Catechin and epicatechin are most commonly found monomeric flavan-3-ols Their main food sources are fruits (berries, cherries, apple, grapes, plums, apricots), teas, red wine, and cocoa. For most PCs, dietary recommendations for their intake have not been established yet
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