Abstract
Cigarette smoking has been well demonstrated to be associated with adverse outcomes and increased complications in surgical patients in the operative and postoperative periods. There is general agreement that smoking cessation decreases such risks; however, much debate still exists regarding the most effective modalities for risk mitigation, especially concerning modalities involving nicotine replacement in some form. This article reviews the discussion regarding smoking cessation therapies, in particular those involving nicotine replacement, in the context of mitigating risk in plastic surgery procedures. The recent rise in popularity of electronic cigarettes poses further challenges for clinicians in minimizing risk and optimizing outcomes for patients. Prospective studies including high-level evidence such as randomized controlled clinical trials will be required to help plastic surgeons develop guidelines that will enable optimization of patient safety and clinical outcomes.
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