Abstract
The search for new diagnostic tests for cancer or ways to improve existing tests is primarily driven by the desire to identify the disease as early as possible. In this report, we summarize the current knowledge of the most promising diagnostic protein bladder cancer (BC) markers reported over the last decade. Unfortunately, analysis of published data suggests that a reliable, highly sensitive biomarker test-system based on ELISA for detecting BC has not yet been developed. The use of more sensitive assays to detect ultra-low concentrations of biomarkers not available for ELISA, could be very beneficial. Based on the literature and pilot experimental data, we conclude that a highly sensitive immunoassay using microarrays and magnetic labels, could be an effective and cheap technique suitable for the detection of diagnostically relevant BC biomarkers.
Highlights
When cancer is detected at early stages, tumor removal or other kinds of treatment can lead to long-term survival
This primarily refers to bladder cancer, which is the subject of the present Perspective
This is probably due to the fact that new biomarkers demonstrating high efficiency in research laboratories are not sufficiently reliable when used for screening a large number of patients
Summary
When cancer is detected at early stages, tumor removal or other kinds of treatment can lead to long-term survival. Based on the literature and pilot experimental data, we hypothesize that the use of more sensitive assays that detect ultra-low concentrations of biomarkers unavailable for ELISA, are promising for diagnosing bladder cancer. Using Luminex xMAP technology, Furuya et al (2020) developed the first multiplex bead-based immunoassay; minimal detected dose of 10 urinary biomarkers ranged from 0.295 pg/ml in IL8 to 31.1 pg/ml in APOE.
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