Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Clinical manifestations of stroke are long-lasting and causing economic burden on the patients and society. Current therapeutic modalities to treat ischemic stroke (IS) are unsatisfactory due to the intricate pathophysiology and poor functional recovery of brain cellular compartment. MicroRNAs (miRNA) are endogenously expressed small non-coding RNA molecules, which can act as translation inhibitors and play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology associated with IS. Moreover, miRNAs may be used as potential diagnostic and therapeutic tools in clinical practice; yet, the complete role of miRNAs is enigmatic during IS. In this review, we explored the role of miRNAs in the regulation of stroke risk factors viz., arterial hypertension, metabolic disorders, and atherosclerosis. Furthermore, the role of miRNAs were reviewed during IS pathogenesis accompanied by excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and Alzheimer’s disease. The functional role of miRNAs is a double-edged sword effect in cerebral ischemia as they could modulate pathological mechanisms associated with risk factors of IS. miRNAs pertaining to IS pathogenesis could be potential biomarkers for stroke; they could help researchers to identify a particular stroke type and enable medical professionals to evaluate the severity of brain injury. Thus, ascertaining the role of miRNAs may be useful in deciphering their diagnostic role consequently it is plausible to envisage a suitable therapeutic modality against IS.
Highlights
Ischemic stroke (IS) is a leading cause of mortality and reporting over 6 million deaths annually worldwide [1,2]
Findings from past research studies depicted a significant link between miR-Let7A, apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK-1) and microglial function in hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress during stroke; these reports suggesting a need for developing pharmacological agents to enhance the microglial function against ischemic stroke [22,43,44]
MiRNAs have been identified as gene regulators for controlling various physiological brain functions as well as disease biomarkers of IS and stroke-mediated Alzheimer’s disease
Summary
Ischemic stroke (IS) is a leading cause of mortality and reporting over 6 million deaths annually worldwide [1,2]. Inflammation and oxidative stress are significant events involved in fostering cellular and molecular damage during post-ischemic insult They present two prospective therapeutic directions for the prevention of secondary brain damage after stroke [18]. The prevalence of IS reasonably suggests that medical professionals need to identify early signs, risk factors to choose an immediate therapeutic modality against disease processes that lead to stroke. This strategy is serendipitously beneficial for selecting a suitable therapeutic modality to treat IS pathophysiology. We focused on the pros and cons of miRNAs that modulate risk factors for “pathological mechanisms of IS” to develop diagnostic tools and novel therapeutic modalities for IS
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