Abstract
Upfront capital costs of micro-irrigation technologies are subsidized across the dark-zone regions of the state of Gujarat, where groundwater was observed as over-extracted, with an anticipation that wide-scale adoption could perhaps reduce pressure on the aquifer. From a macro-perspective, the real water saving potential depends on not only adoption of these technologies but also how best the farmers’ get convinced about the looming water scarcity and try to adapt to the new technologies. While there are several plot-level studies with respect to water consumption, very limited research is being carried out at basin-wide and irrigation system level. The onus of this paper, henceforth, is to examine the impact of micro-irrigation adoption on groundwater utilization at the irrigation system level. In the study regions, either an individual or a group of farmers’ extract water from the common aquifer, and therefore, it is being considered as a proxy for the irrigation system. Empirical observations were based on an in-depth survey of 430 tubewell owning farmers who have adopted micro-irrigation in the dark zone, and the information were collected by considering common aquifer as the unit of analysis rather than individual farm household. The major findings emerging from the study are: (i) micro-irrigation adoption per se was statistically insignificant to make any considerable plunge in the groundwater use, and (ii) technology adoption along with metered power connection leads to a reduction in groundwater extraction. It should be noted that we, based on the finding, do not categorically deny the possibility of declining groundwater use due to large-scale adoption of such technologies since negative coefficient values are found. From a policy angle, the study suggests that the promotion of these technologies may not lead to sustainable groundwater conservation outcomes unless the farmers are made to behave responsibly especially under extreme water scarcity conditions. It is also important that while supporting for the adoption of these innovations, the state also should effectively regulate the pilferages in farm power use by expediting the process of metering of unmetered connections, to achieve the desired goals of sustainable management of groundwater.
Highlights
Over the years, groundwater is being considered as a major irrigation source in India, and the dependency has been significantly escalating since the 1970s because diesel and/or electric pump sets become accessible to marginal and small farmers (Maheshwari et al, 2014)
While the plot-level estimations are mainly based on the technological potential, farmers’ ex-post adoption behaviour matters for calculation of realistic saving of water and energy at a larger scale (Fishman et al, 2015). Given such assessments are largely socially relevance with respect to stabilizing groundwater level, this study aims to examine the impact of MI adoption on the groundwater extraction at the irrigation system level in the dark regions, known for over-exploitation of groundwater, of the state of Gujarat
While a large number of studies have been constantly warning about the looming water scarcity in the state of Gujarat, an unsustainable extraction of groundwater is being observed due to the commonpool nature and the absence of regulatory mechanisms (Kumar, 2016a, b)
Summary
Groundwater is being considered as a major irrigation source in India, and the dependency has been significantly escalating since the 1970s because diesel and/or electric pump sets become accessible to marginal and small farmers (Maheshwari et al, 2014). On other hand, are categorically alarming about rapid depletion of groundwater, in the arid and semi-arid regions (Kumar, 2016a, b; Zaveri et al, 2016) This could enhance a number of households in below poverty line and decline food production in rural India (Zaveri et al, 2016). Given the barriers in imposing market based instruments (e.g., tariff, subsidy and property right) to save India’s groundwater, both policymakers and researchers have been anticipating that a large-scale adoption of micro-irrigation (MI) technologies, i.e., drip and sprinkler irrigation, could potentially reduce over-extraction of groundwater (Dhawan, 2000) It would address commonpool externalities, in the arid and semi-arid regions (Kumar, 2016a, b). Three strands of studies have so far emerged: (i) determinants of adoption of MI, (ii) cost-benefit analysis, and (iii) evaluating positive benefits such as reduce water and energy footprints, increase productivity, decline labour and use of fertilizers, etc. (Bahinipati and Viswanathan, 2016, 2017)
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