Abstract
Every single human consists of thousands of genes, billions of neurons and trillions of bacteria. There is a rapidly growing number of data that links the gut microbiome to the development and functioning of the central nervous system, which is a currently proposed paradigm shift in neuroscience. Knowledge on the relationship between gut microbiota and mental disorders is constantly increasing. This phenomenon is known as "gut-brain axis". The strongest evidence for the role of microbes in the gut-brain axis comes from animal studies. Nevertheless, the gutbrain crosstalk is a bidirectional communication system that not only provides gastrointestinal homeostasis, but can also affect motivation as well as higher cognitive functions. Moreover, gut microbiome can be associated with obesity and inflammatory gastrointestinal disorders. According to the recent studies, there is a link between the composition of gut microbiota and mental disorders in animals (response to depression and chronic stress). This subject requires further examination, especially taking into consideration potential therapeutic options.
Highlights
An amazing progress in knowledge of the influence of the intestinal microbiota on brain functioning, behavior and mental health has been observed for the last 5 years []
Rook et al [24] extended this thesis by stating that interactions between the gut microbiota and its host depend on the metabolites and nucleic acids produced by microorganisms
Penders et al [51] indicated that the use of antibiotics and probiotics by pregnant women had no influence on intestinal microbiota of their babies
Summary
An amazing progress in knowledge of the influence of the intestinal microbiota on brain functioning, behavior and mental health has been observed for the last 5 years []. Rook et al [24] extended this thesis by stating that interactions between the gut microbiota and its host depend on the metabolites and nucleic acids produced by microorganisms. Those substances are transported into the human systemic circulation and can induce activation of inactive genes via epigenetic mechanisms, which contributes to evolution, but can result in the development of various diseases [25, 26]. According to Iyer et al [28], microbiota uses exactly the same biochemical pathways to produce neurotransmitters as its host It has been proposed, that the development of those biochemical pathways occurred in bacteria and by late horizontal gene transfer they were acquired by the eukaryotic cell system. Can microbiology affect psychiatry? A link between gut microbiota and psychiatric 1025
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