Abstract
While chemotherapy remains to be one of the main using approaches in the clinical treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), multidrug resistance (MDR) is considered the major obstacle that limits the therapeutic efficacy. Nowadays, Herbal therapy as an adjuvant therapy has been used for many health problems. Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is considering one of the promising herbal spices showing high therapeutic and preventive effects against many disorders specially cancer. In the current work, we focused on the role of ginger crude extract in fighting drug resistant AML. MTT assay showed a significant decrease in cell viability and clear cytotoxic effect on HL60/ADR and HL60 cell under the high concentrations (100 and 1000 μg/Ml) of ginger extract. The flow cytometry results showed a significant apoptotic cell death by ginger in HL60 and ADR/Hl60 and also confirmed by immunostaining of nucleus by DAPI which showed apoptotic nuclei. Our data clearly declared that the high concentration of ginger extract is promising anticancer drug by induction of apoptotic cell death in HL60/ADR cells especially in drug resistant AML.
Highlights
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is one of the most complex diseases associated with abnormal differentiation and high cellular proliferative rate of hematopoietic stem cells [1]
It was shown that HL60 cells exert significant cell death than ADR cells with IC50 (3 and 17 μg/Ml) as shown in Figure 2(A) & Figure 2(B)
About one-third of the acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients do not attain a complete remission with conventional chemotherapy treatment developed drug resistant AML which considered a highly heterogeneous disease showing aggressive behavior toward all of normal strategies of treatment therapy [22] [23]
Summary
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is one of the most complex diseases associated with abnormal differentiation and high cellular proliferative rate of hematopoietic stem cells [1]. In AML patients, developing multiple drug resistance (MDR) is the major challenge changes in successful treatment of AML patients with chemotherapy [1] [3]. The developing of the multidrug resistance occurs because of decline of the intracellular accumulation of the drugs in these cancer cells after a period of drug administration, which subsequently related to an enhanced drug efflux system [6]. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and MRP1 mediate the active drug efflux system [7] [8]
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