Can conversion to organic farming restore the species composition of arable weed communities?

Abstract

Benefits of organic cropping for biodiversity have usually been demonstrated in relation to modern conventional cropping. In this study, the ability of organic cropping to restore species composition of weed communities was explored by comparing weed communities of present day organic cropping with weed communities at the beginning of the application of modern cropping measures in the 1960s. The data of two weed surveys of spring cereals (conducted in 1961–1964 and 1997–1999) in Finland were utilized for a comparison. Frequency of occurrence and density (plants m −2) of 41 weed species were compared between decades. Partial canonical correspondence analysis (pCCA) was applied to explore the relationship between species composition, management and non-management variables. Eight species had lower and 30 species higher or similar frequency of occurrence in the 1990s’ organically cropped fields than in the fields of the 1960s. However, 18 species had lower and 20 species had higher or similar density in the organically cropped fields than in the fields of the 1960s. Three species were not detected at all in the organically cropped fields. Crop and under-sown grass explained more of the variation in species composition in the 1990s than in the 1960s. The role of drainage and pre-crop was more important in the 1960s than in the 1990s. The most immediate benefit was gained by nitrophilous species that had suffered from herbicide application. The recovery of perennials and non-nitrophilous species will take a longer time. The results suggest that despite some benefits for biodiversity, organic farming at early phase cannot recover weed populations to the same level as before application of intensive cropping measures.