Abstract
The recent finding that the human version of a neurodevelopmental enhancer of the Wnt receptor Frizzled 8 (FZD8) gene alters neural progenitor cell cycle timing and brain size is a step forward to understanding human brain evolution. The human brain is distinctive in terms of its cognitive abilities as well as its susceptibility to neurological disease. Identifying which of the millions of genomic changes that occurred during human evolution led to these and other uniquely human traits is extremely challenging. Recent studies have demonstrated that many of the fastest evolving regions of the human genome function as gene regulatory enhancers during embryonic development and that the human‐specific mutations in them might alter expression patterns. However, elucidating molecular and cellular effects of sequence or expression pattern changes is a major obstacle to discovering the genetic bases of the evolution of our species. There is much work to do before human‐specific genetic and genomic changes are linked to complex human traits.Also watch the Video .
Highlights
As the human and chimpanzee lineages split, both species have acquired many distinct behaviors, morphological characteristics, and molecular phenotypes [1, 2]
The authors characterize the region as a transcriptional enhancer of Frizzled 8 (FZD8) and attempt to link its accelerated evolution in humans to changes in neurodevelopment, including spatial and temporal differences in neuronal gene expression leading to a faster cell cycle of neural progenitor cells
The results revealed that overexpression of Fzd8 driven by Hs-HARE5 produced faster progenitor cell cycle in the developing brain and increased neocortical size compared with mice where Fzd8 is controlled by chimpanzee HARE5 or wild-type mice [20]
Summary
The recent finding that the human version of a neurodevelopmental enhancer of the Wnt receptor Frizzled 8 (FZD8) gene alters neural progenitor cell cycle timing and brain size is a step forward to understanding human brain evolution. Identifying which of the millions of genomic changes that occurred during human evolution led to these and other uniquely human traits is extremely challenging. Recent studies have demonstrated that many of the fastest evolving regions of the human genome function as gene regulatory enhancers during embryonic development and that the human-specific mutations in them might alter expression patterns. Elucidating molecular and cellular effects of sequence or expression pattern changes is a major obstacle to discovering the genetic bases of the evolution of our species. There is much work to do before human-specific genetic and genomic changes are linked to complex human traits.
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