Abstract
Campylobacter (C.) spp. from poultry is the main source of foodborne human campylobacteriosis, but diseased pets and cattle shedding Campylobacter spp. may contribute sporadically as a source of human infection. As fluoroquinolones are one of the drugs of choice for the treatment of severe human campylobacteriosis, the resistance rates of C. jejuni and C. coli from poultry against antibiotics, including fluoroquinolones, are monitored within the European program on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in livestock. However, much less is published on the AMR rates of C. jejuni and C. coli from pets and cattle. Therefore, C. jejuni and C. coli isolated from diseased animals were tested phenotypically for AMR, and associated AMR genes or mutations were identified by whole genome sequencing. High rates of resistance to (fluoro)quinolones (41%) and tetracyclines (61.1%) were found in C. jejuni (n = 29/66). (Fluoro)quinolone resistance was associated with the known point mutation in the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) of gyrA, and tetracycline resistance was mostly caused by the tet(O) gene. These high rates of resistance, especially to critically important antibiotics in C. jejuni and C. coli, are worrisome not only in veterinary medicine. Efforts to preserve the efficacy of important antimicrobial treatment options in human and veterinary medicine have to be strengthened in the future.
Highlights
Human campylobacteriosis is the most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide.Campylobacter (C.) jejuni and C. coli are the most frequently isolated species in humans with diarrhea [1].In most cases, the infection is foodborne, from handling or eating undercooked poultry, raw milk, or contaminated water
In canine C. jejuni (n = 39), the rates of microbiological resistance againstquinolones were highest (ciprofloxacin (CIP): 38.5%; nalidixic acid (NAL) 41.0%), followed by resistance against tetracycline (TET) (28.2%) (Table 1)
The highest resistance rates were measured against NAL and CIP (61.1%), followed by TET (33.3%) and STR
Summary
Human campylobacteriosis is the most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide.Campylobacter (C.) jejuni and C. coli are the most frequently isolated species in humans with diarrhea [1].In most cases, the infection is foodborne, from handling or eating undercooked poultry, raw milk, or contaminated water. Campylobacter (C.) jejuni and C. coli are the most frequently isolated species in humans with diarrhea [1]. Source attribution studies identified C. jejuni and C. coli from poultry as the main source of human campylobacteriosis [2]. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in C. jejuni and C. coli is a key element of European AMR monitoring. High to very high rates of resistance of Campylobacter spp. from poultry resistant to antimicrobials that are critically important for humans, such as (fluoro)quinolones, have been detected with an increasing trend over the last 10 years [3]. The results from a Swiss AMR monitoring program using cecum samples from broilers showed that 51.4% of C. jejuni were resistant to fluoroquinolones and 40.0% to tetracycline. 66.7% of C. coli in these broilers were resistant to fluoroquinolones
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