Abstract
Campus violence is a common social phenomenon all over the world, and is the most harmful type of school bullying events. As artificial intelligence and remote sensing techniques develop, there are several possible methods to detect campus violence, e.g., movement sensor-based methods and video sequence-based methods. Sensors and surveillance cameras are used to detect campus violence. In this paper, the authors use image features and acoustic features for campus violence detection. Campus violence data are gathered by role-playing, and 4096-dimension feature vectors are extracted from every 16 frames of video images. The C3D (Convolutional 3D) neural network is used for feature extraction and classification, and an average recognition accuracy of 92.00% is achieved. Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCCs) are extracted as acoustic features, and three speech emotion databases are involved. The C3D neural network is used for classification, and the average recognition accuracies are 88.33%, 95.00%, and 91.67%, respectively. To solve the problem of evidence conflict, the authors propose an improved Dempster–Shafer (D–S) algorithm. Compared with existing D–S theory, the improved algorithm increases the recognition accuracy by 10.79%, and the recognition accuracy can ultimately reach 97.00%.
Highlights
The simulation results show that the proposed campus violence detection method was able to detect violence events at average accuracies of 94.00%, 97.00%, and 92.00% based on three different databases, respectively
Five-fold cross validation was used for the collected video dataset, i.e., the dataset was divided into five equal parts, four of which were used as the training set and one as the testing set, and the classification procedure was repeated five times to get an average recognition result
This paper proposed a campus violence detecting method based on video sequences and speech emotion
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. School bullying is a common social phenomenon all over the world. School bullying means aggressive behaviors or words which hurt another person intentionally. It is often applied by the stronger upon the weaker, or by the elder upon the younger. Victims of school bullying suffer from both mental and physical violence. School bullying is considered as one of the main reasons for depression, dropping out of school, and adolescent suicide. According to the report “Campus Violence and Bullying” released by UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization), in 2017, 243 million students all over the world suffered from campus bullying. School bullying prevention is an important and timeless issue
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