Abstract
Sarcopenia- or cachexia-related muscle atrophy is due to imbalanced energy metabolism and oxidative stress-induced muscle dysfunction. Monoterpenes play biological and pharmacological reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging roles. Hence, we explored the effects of camphene, a bicyclic monoterpene, on skeletal muscle atrophy in vitro and in vivo. We treated L6 myoblast cells with camphene and then examined the ROS-related oxidative stress using Mito TrackerTM Red FM and anti-8-oxoguanine antibody staining. To investigate lipid metabolism, we performed real-time polymerase chain reactions, holotomographic microscopy, and respiratory gas analysis. Rat muscle atrophy in in vivo models was observed using 18F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography and immunocytochemistry. Camphene reversed the aberrant cell size and muscle morphology of L6 myoblasts under starvation and in in vivo models. Camphene also attenuated E3 ubiquitin ligase muscle RING-finger protein-1, mitochondrial fission, and 8-oxoguanine nuclear expression in starved myotubes and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-treated cells. Moreover, camphene significantly regulated lipid metabolism in H2O2-treated cells and in vivo models. These findings suggest that camphene may potentially affect skeletal muscle atrophy by regulating oxidative stress and lipid metabolism.
Highlights
Muscle atrophy is characterized by the loss of muscle mass and concurrent muscle dysfunction, leading to limited muscular endurance, cardiorespiratory function, flexibility, balance, and quickness [1].While sarcopenia is a type of muscle atrophy that naturally occurs with aging, cachexia is a muscle disorder induced by diverse pathogenic conditions, including immunodeficiency diseases and cancer [2].To prevent muscle atrophy, the ingestion of appropriate doses of essential amino acid-centered proteinNutrients 2020, 12, 3731; doi:10.3390/nu12123731 www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrientsNutrients 2020, 12, 3731 combined with strength training and aerobic exercise is effective [3]
Our research aims to investigate whether camphene can modulate reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced skeletal muscle atrophy
We have demonstrated that camphene regulates skeletal muscle atrophy in vitro and in vivo
Summary
While sarcopenia is a type of muscle atrophy that naturally occurs with aging, cachexia is a muscle disorder induced by diverse pathogenic conditions, including immunodeficiency diseases and cancer [2]. Nutrients 2020, 12, 3731 combined with strength training and aerobic exercise is effective [3]. Muscle deficiencies, such as atrophy caused by sarcopenia or cachexia, are treated by identifying and eliminating the etiological factors causing the symptoms and the concomitant disease. Muscle atrophy caused by sarcopenia or cachexia affects the energy balance and the extent of muscle protein degradation, increasing mortality by exacerbating chronic disease [4]. Mitochondrial dysfunction, and ROS generation are key mechanisms in atrophy progression [6]. Glucose production is activated by enzymes, such as glucose transporter type
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