Abstract
Simple SummaryOne of the main problems in poultry production is to find more sustainable feed protein sources, other than the most widely used soya bean meal. An alternative protein source could be the underexploited oilseed crop camelina (Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz), which is mostly grown for biodiesel production, but is also characterized by disease and pest resistance, tolerance to cold weather, drought and low fertility soil. This review presents the nutritive value of camelina seeds, oil and cake (a by-product of biodiesel production), and their effect on the growth performance and fatty acid profile of muscles and liver in meat type poultry. The research results indicated that supplementation of poultry diets with camelina feedstuffs beneficially modified the fatty acid composition of meat and liver. The ratio of n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) decreased, whereas the content of α-linolenic and long-chain n-3 PUFA increased in poultry tissues.Camelina seed or seed processing derivatives, i.e., cake, are cheap alternative protein feed ingredients for meat type poultry. Camelina is an oilseed crop containing 36.8% oil in seeds, while in the cake the oil content accounts for 6.4–22.7%. If compared with other Brassicaceae family plants, camelina is distinguished by a unique fatty acid composition, because the content of α-linolenic fatty acid (C18:3n-3; ALA) varies from 25.9 to 36.7% of total fatty acids. The total tocopherol content in camelina oil and cake are, respectively, 751–900 and 687 mg/kg. Addition of camelina to poultry nutrition increases the amount of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in poultry meat and liver. The content of ALA in chicken muscles increases by 1.3–4.4, 2.4–2.9 and 2.3–7.2 times after supplementing chicken diets with, respectively, camelina cake (8–24%), seed (10%), and oil (2.5–6.9%) in comparison with the control group. Camelina cake (5–25%), seed (10%) and oil (2.5–4%) inclusion in chicken diets results in 1.5–3.9 times higher total n-3 PUFA content in muscles and liver. Meanwhile, supplementation of chicken diets with camelina oil (4–6.9%), seed (5–10%) and cake (5–25%) results in, respectively, a 1.8–8.4, 1.6–1.9 and 1.3–2.9 times lower n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio in muscles, and 3.29 times lower n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio in the liver. After inclusion of different amounts of camelina cake in chicken diets, a healthy for human nutrition n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio from 1.6 to 2.9 was found in chicken muscles.
Highlights
Modern animal farming systems are meant to solve global challenges such as providing the growing human population with safe food, and mitigating environment pollution and climate change
This review presents the nutritive value of camelina seeds, oil and cake, and their effect on the growth performance and fatty acid profile of muscles and liver in meat type poultry
Essential n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) linoleic (C18:2n-6; LA) fatty acid content, which should be as low as possible in poultry feed, amounts to 18.84–24.16% in camelina seed and cake, and this percentage is lower than that found in rapeseed cake (21.67–23.5%), soybean meal (52.43–55.20%) and hempseed cake (52.5–59.52%), but higher than that found in linseed cake (14.60%) [15,34,51,52,53,58,59,60,61,62]
Summary
Modern animal farming systems are meant to solve global challenges such as providing the growing human population with safe food, and mitigating environment pollution and climate change. One of the ways to solve the problem would be growing alternative protein crop varieties that are well-adapted to certain rural area conditions, require less fertilizers and are resistant to diseases and agricultural pests. One of the solutions to the problem could be poultry production with increased n-3 PUFA content by supplementing poultry with diets rich in n-3 PUFA feeds as, for example, camelina seed, cake or oil [5,6,7,8,9]. Cake contains from 6.4 to 22.7% residual oil (Table 1) These products have good potential to be used as a cheap alternative protein feedstuff and a valuable source in animal nutrition [14,31,34,35]. The objective of this review is to discuss chemical, amino and fatty acid composition of various feed ingredients produced from camelina and their effects on meat type poultry growth performance, carcass traits, meat chemical composition and tissue fatty acid profile
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