Abstract
BackgroundCamel milk (CM) is gaining increasing recognition due to its beneficial effects in the control and prevention of multiple health problems. The current study aimed to investigate the effects of CM on the hepatic biochemical and cellular alterations induced by a high-fat, cholesterol-rich diet (HCD), specifically, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).MethodsSeventy male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: the Control (C) Group fed a standard diet; the Control + camel milk (CCM) Group fed a standard diet and CM, the Cholesterol (Ch) Group fed a HCD with no CM, and the Cholesterol + camel milk (ChM) Group fed a HCD and CM. The following parameters were investigated in the studied groups; basal, weekly random and final fasting blood glucose levels, intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (GTT) and insulin tolerance test (ITT), serum insulin, serum lipids, liver functions, lipid peroxidation products, the antioxidant activity of catalase (CAT) and the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH). In addition, HOMA-IR as an index of insulin resistance (IR) and the histopathology of the hepatic tissue were assessed.ResultsThe Ch Group developed features similar to those of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), characterized by hepatic steatosis; inflammatory cellular infiltration in liver tissue; altered liver functions; and increased total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, atherogenic index (AI), blood glucose, IR, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Additionally, feeding the HCD to animals in the Ch Group decreased CAT activity and the GSH and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels. Camel milk intake for eight weeks decreased hepatic fat accumulation and inflammatory cellular infiltration, preserved liver function, increased the GSH levels and CAT activity, decreased the MDA levels, and ameliorated the changes in the lipid profile, AI, and IR in animals from the ChM Group.ConclusionsCM has a unique composition that is rich in minerals; vitamins, insulin and insulin-like protein, and it increased HDL-cholesterol and ameliorated the biochemical and cellular features of NAFLD in rats that received a HCD. The antioxidant effect of CM is a likely mechanism for the altered metabolism and absorption of HCD in the presence of CM. Regular consumption of CM could provide a natural way to protect against NAFLD induced by a high-fat diet.
Highlights
Camel milk (CM) is gaining increasing recognition due to its beneficial effects in the control and prevention of multiple health problems
Adding CM to the diet of the ChM Group resulted in a significant decrease in the liver weight and liver: body mass ratio (LBR) compared with the Ch Group (p < 0.001 for each)
CM ingestion in the Control + camel milk (CCM) Group did not affect their liver weight or LBR compared with the C Group (p > 0.05)
Summary
Camel milk (CM) is gaining increasing recognition due to its beneficial effects in the control and prevention of multiple health problems. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is clinically important because it affects 25% of the population, with widespread pathological changes in the liver that range from simple nonprogressive steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). This can progress to cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and liver failure with increased hepatic-related mortality [1,2]. A high-fat, cholesterol-rich diet (HCD) is commonly used in the experimental induction of hyperlipidemia and NAFLD [5] Several plants, such as ginger, cinnamon, licorice, berries, plant leaves, and herb roots, in addition to animal products such as bones, hooves, skins, feathers, and milk, have long been used in traditional and alternative medicine. These substances are increasingly valued as raw materials in the preparation of modern medicine and herbal preparations [6]
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