Abstract
Simple SummarySeveral studies have analyzed the potential risk factors for assisted calvings and the consequences of calving ease on cow performances. The present study used national data to focus on Italian Holstein cow herds. In summary, herd, number of calvings/herd/year, cow parity, gestation length, twinning, calf sex, previous calving-to-conception interval, dry period and close-up length, and calving season were identified as risk factors associated with calving ease. Regarding lactation performance, cows with assisted calving had higher 30 days in milk (DIM) culling risk, lower 150 DIM pregnancy risk and lower milk yield, measured as 60-d cumulative and as 305-d predicted milk yield. These results may be beneficial to focus attention on control, management and specific factors associated with calving ease in Italian Holstein herds and also to support adequate training and education of the personnel.The objectives of this study were to investigate the main risk factors associated with calving ease (CE) in Italian Holstein cow herds, and to estimate the association between CE and subsequent survival, fertility and milk production. Data obtained from Holstein cows in 40 Italian herds were retrospectively investigated. Calvings were surveilled and classified into two categories of CE, unassisted calving or assisted calving, based on the need for intervention. The following factors were analyzed as possible risk factor affecting CE: herd, number of calvings/herd/year, age at first calving (AFC), cow parity, gestation length, twinning, calf sex, previous calving-to-conception interval, previous milk yield, dry period and close-up length, and season of calving. The association between CE and culling risk within the first 30 days-in-milk (DIM), cumulative 60-d milk yield and predicted 305-d milk yield, and pregnancy risk within 150 DIM were also investigated. Of the 47,672 calvings, 37,892 (79.5%) were unassisted, while 9780 (20.5%) required some type of assistance. Among the risk factors, only the AFC was not correlated with CE, while for all the other risk factors an association with CE was detected. Assisted calvings were associated with an increased culling risk at 30 DIM, decreased 60-d milk yield, decreased 305-d milk yield and reduced pregnancy risk at 150 DIM. In conclusion, dairy herd management should aim at correcting/reducing the risk factors in order to limit the incidence of assisted calving, and possibly improve the quality of calving assistance; controlling CE within the herd is crucial to reducing culling risk, and achieving higher lactation and reproductive performance.
Highlights
The objectives of this study were to investigate the main risk factors associated with calving ease (CE) in Italian Holstein cow herds, and to estimate the association between CE and subsequent survival, fertility and milk production
In the other 3 herds, as their milk production is directed to Parmigiano Reggiano production, cows were fed a dry diet based on alfalfa hay, grass hay and concentrates with forage percentage ranging from 33% to 45%, according to the Italian product rulebook that does not allow the use of any ensiled ingredients
The study by Carnier et al [2] was focused on Piedmontese cows; breeds and attitude are recognized as influencing factor for dystocia, so that when attitude is considered, the prevalence of dystocia is higher in dairy cows than in beef cattle [18]
Summary
The primary selection emphasis for dairy cattle is on maximizing genetic gain and income. Through yield traits, but economic efficiency can be further enhanced by adequate emphasis on secondary traits that directly or indirectly affect production. Calving ease (CE) is one of the most economically significant secondary traits that directly influences the profitability of herds and the animals’ welfare [2,3]. The economic importance of CE in the dairy industry concerns the short-term farm profits through the loss of calf, death of dam, veterinary fees, and extra labors [7,8], and the long-term animal performance (i.e., health issues, fertility problems, reduced production, premature culling) [9]. Milk yield losses after a difficult calving have been quantified previously [15–17]; estimates are generally referred only to cases of dystocia, underestimating the actual need for calving assistance
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