Calorific and Thermal Properties of Natural Rubber in the Oriented and Non-Oriented States

Abstract

Abstract The structural characteristics of high polymers and the sharp dependence of their properties on the physical state create a need for a detailed study of these materials in the region where their physical state undergoes a qualitative change. Besides, a study of the phase transitions of high polymers which crystallize is of independent interest. The study of the transition of natural rubber from the oriented crystalline state to the non-oriented amorphous state was the problem of this work. The determination of calorific and thermal properties in the transition region was adopted as the method of investigation. It should be noted that, for rubbers, these properties have been studied to a much lesser extent than have the other thermodynamic properties, particularly the mechanical properties. In order to obtain crystalline rubber, strips of smoked sheet were subjected to repeated rapid stretching at 50°, followed by cooling of the stretched samples to 12–14° C. The stress applied to the rubber during stretching overcomes the deorienting effect of the thermal motion, which impedes the crystallization of non-deformed rubber. At the same time, the heating employed promotes a more complete straightening of the chains since, during heating, intermolecular action diminishes and the chaotically-grouped oriented portions of the macromolecules present in the samples are disrupted. Rapid cooling of the oriented rubber, obtained under such conditions, to temperatures below the melting point of the crystals which formed led to the preservation of the physical state, which was distinguished by an increase of the crystalline phase content, and by a higher degree of orientation, compared with the state of rubber crystallized during the same time by lowering the temperature without stretching. On an average, the extent of stretching amounted to 1400 per cent of the original length.