Abstract
Calophyllum inophyllum is a coastal plant rich in natural substances. Its ingredients have been used for the development of an anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) drug. In this study, we collected C. inophyllum fruit, and the ethanol extract of the fruit was chromatographically separated using silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 columns to obtain the major compound, calophyllolide. The fruits were harvested from September to December in 2011; a quantitative analysis of the calophyllolide content was conducted using HPLC to explore the differences between the different parts of the fruit during the growing season. The results showed that in fruits of C. inophyllum, calophyllolide exists only in the nuts, and dried nuts contain approximately 2 mg·g−1 of calophyllolide. The calophyllolide levels in the nuts decreased during maturity. In addition, calophyllolide dose-dependently enhanced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in murine osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells, without significant cytotoxicity. The expression of osteoblastic genes, ALP and osteocalcin (OCN), were increased by calophyllolide. Calophyllolide induced osteoblasts differentiation also evidenced by increasing mineralization and ALP staining.
Highlights
Calophyllum inophyllum (C. inophyllum; Guttiferae) is a large evergreen tree that grows along the western coast of Taiwan
By analyzing ethanolic extracts of different parts of C. inophyllum fruits, we found that the nuts are rich in calophyllolide, but almost no calophyllolide was found in the peel and nut shells (Figure 2)
Our results showed that the greater the maturity of the fruit, the less calophyllolide is found in nuts of C. inophyllum (Figure 3)
Summary
Calophyllum inophyllum (C. inophyllum; Guttiferae) is a large evergreen tree that grows along the western coast of Taiwan. Phytochemical studies examining different parts of C. inophyllum, such as the leaves [1], branches [2], stem bark [3], roots [4], and seeds [5], have isolated and identified several compounds, including xanthones [6], steroids, triterpenoids [7], and coumarins [8,9] Some of these isolated compounds have been reported to be biologically active, with cytotoxic [10], repellent [11], anti-inflammatory [12], anti-microbial [10], and anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) [8,13] properties. Gene expression of molecules involved in osteoblastdifferentiation, including ALP, runt related gene 2 (RUNX2), osterix (OSX), and osteocalcin (OCN) were analyzed
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