Calmodulin and Its Binding Proteins in Parkinson's Disease.

Anastasiia Bohush,Wiesława Leśniak,Serge Weis,Anna Filipek

doi:10.3390/ijms22063016

Abstract

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that manifests with rest tremor, muscle rigidity and movement disturbances. At the microscopic level it is characterized by formation of specific intraneuronal inclusions, called Lewy bodies (LBs), and by a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the striatum and substantia nigra. All living cells, among them neurons, rely on Ca2+ as a universal carrier of extracellular and intracellular signals that can initiate and control various cellular processes. Disturbances in Ca2+ homeostasis and dysfunction of Ca2+ signaling pathways may have serious consequences on cells and even result in cell death. Dopaminergic neurons are particularly sensitive to any changes in intracellular Ca2+ level. The best known and studied Ca2+ sensor in eukaryotic cells is calmodulin. Calmodulin binds Ca2+ with high affinity and regulates the activity of a plethora of proteins. In the brain, calmodulin and its binding proteins play a crucial role in regulation of the activity of synaptic proteins and in the maintenance of neuronal plasticity. Thus, any changes in activity of these proteins might be linked to the development and progression of neurodegenerative disorders including PD. This review aims to summarize published results regarding the role of calmodulin and its binding proteins in pathology and pathogenesis of PD.

Highlights

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder second in prevalence to Alzheimer disease (AD)
TwoNotably, proteinssome caused a decrease in L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia and dopamineofefflux other studies show that CaMKII activity is higher in extracellular dopamine efflux
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is an age-related progressive neurodegenerative disorder with symptoms aggravating with time

Summary

Introduction

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder second in prevalence to Alzheimer disease (AD). Non-motor features of PD include pain and sensory phenomena, anxiety and depression, autonomic dysfunction, cognitive impairment and dementia. It is a progressive disease, with symptoms aggravating with time. A characteristic histopathological feature of the affected brain areas of patients with PD or other synucleinopathies is the presence of specific inclusions such as Lewy bodies (LBs) and Lewy neurites (LNs) which contain mainly an aggregated form of α-synuclein [1]. The ability of α-synuclein to adopt toxic conformations might be due to the deficiency in the protein folding machinery that includes chaperones/co-chaperones or inadequate degradation of misfolded protein by the ubiquitin-proteasome system or the autophagy-lysosomal pathway. It was found that mutated α-synuclein, present in patients with an early familial form of PD, is more prone to aggregation [4]

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