Abstract
BackgroundSponges are champion of bioactive producers because of the variety of products that have been found from them. Most bioactive compounds extracted from sponges were classified into antibiotic, antiviral, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory. Tow marine sponge species were collected during winter 2016 from Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea, Egypt viz., Callyspongia crassa and Callyspongia siphonella. The collected sponge species belong to family Callyspongiidae. The sponge samples were extracted by ethanol and investigated as a promising source of natural products which can be used as antitumor, antiviral, and antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory agents.ResultsResults revealed that the crude extract of C. siphonella showed high antitumor activity with value of 5.57 and 1.39 μg/ml as IC50 against colon cancer (caco-2) and breast cancer (Mcf-7) on cell line, respectively. Also the C. crassa extract showed high cytotoxic effect to Vero cell with HAV (hepatitis A virus), which exhibits that MIC was 9.765 μg/ml, the most effective extract was of C. crassa against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. Also, ethanolic crude of C. siphonella showed positive antibacterial activity against P. aueroginosa. Indeed, there much other extracts exhibited no antibacterial activities, especially all extracts against Staphylococcus aureus and Vibrio damsela. The C. crassa extract conducted an antioxidant activity in corresponding to ascorbic acid standard with value of 671 μg/ml as IC50. There was only one crude extract that had anti-inflammatory activity; it was of C. crassa (61.47%).ConclusionsThe present investigation confirmed that the crude extract of C. siphonella conducted to promising antitumor agent against colon and breast cancer, while the crude extract of C. crassa conducted to promising anti-inflammatory and antiviral agents. In summary, the marine sponges are an indispensable, chemodiverse, biodiverse, and rich source of natural products and secondary metabolites with potent pharmacological effects. The studies should be interested with sponge-derived bioactive compounds as a promising strategy that deserves further attention in future investigations in order to address the limitations regarding sustainable supply of marine drugs.
Highlights
Sponges are champion of bioactive producers because of the variety of products that have been found from them
The present study aims to extract bioactive substances from marine sponges species inhabiting Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea, Egypt in a hope to be used as potential medical agents in several applications
C. crassa (Keller, 1889) has shape like a large brown tube to an average diameter of 30 cm characterized by spines covering substantially its entire surface with the exception of a strip of 10 cm in the upper part around the whole tube
Summary
Sponges are champion of bioactive producers because of the variety of products that have been found from them. Most bioactive compounds extracted from sponges were classified into antibiotic, antiviral, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory. The sponge samples were extracted by ethanol and investigated as a promising source of natural products which can be used as antitumor, antiviral, and antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory agents. The work on sponge natural products was systematically started by who isolated three nucleosides from the Caribbean sponge Cryptotethyacrypta laubenfels Antiviral properties of these nucleosides were demonstrated later (Privat et al 1964) and initiated the synthesis of analogues which led to the first antiviral compound Ara-A (active against herpes virus) and antitumor compound Ara-C (effective in acute lymphoid leukemia). Arabinosyl Cytosine (Ara-C) is currently sold by the Pharmacia & Upjohn Company under the brand name Cytosar-UR Since this pioneering work, number of novel bioactive molecules have been discovered from this group, which include cytotoxins, antibiotics, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory compounds. Some of the most potential spongederived bioactive molecules include the anti-inflammatory compound Manolide from the Palauan sponge Luffariella variabilis (De-Silva and Scheuer 1980), the immunosuppressive and cytotoxic compound Discodermolide from the deep sea sponge Discodermia dissolute (Gunasekera et al 1990), anti-angiogenic brominated compound aeroplysina from a sponge Aplysina aerophoba (Rodriguez-Nieto et al 2002), tubulin polymerizing compound dictyostatin-1, a polyketide from Spongia sp. (Isbrucker et al 2003) etc
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