Calibrations, Validations, and Checks of a Dual 23 nm and 10 nm Diffusion Charger-Based Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS).

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The upcoming Euro 7 vehicle exhaust emissions regulation includes particle number (PN) limits for all vehicles, not only those with direct fuel injection. It also sets the lower detection particle size of the PN methodology to 10 nm from 23 nm. Recently, a commercial diffusion charger-based PEMS added the possibility of switching the lower size between 23 nm and 10 nm. In this study, we assessed the dual PEMS in the calibration laboratory using diffusion flame soot or spark discharge graphite particles following the regulated procedures. Furthermore, we compared the dual PEMS with a laboratory grade system (LABS) using soot, graphite, and vehicle exhaust particles. To put the results into perspective, we added comparisons (validations) of two additional 23 nm PEMSs with LABSs over a three-year period. The results showed that the differences of the 23 nm PEMSs remained the same (around 35% underestimation) over the years and were similar to the dual PEMS. This difference is still well within the permissible tolerance from the regulation (50%). We argued that the reason is the calibration material used by the manufacturer (spark discharge graphite). We demonstrated that calibrating with combustion soot could reduce the differences. The 10 nm PEMS gave similar results but with much smaller differences, indicating that the calibration material is of less importance for the Euro 7 step. The results showed that the measurement uncertainty has not increased but rather decreased for the specific PEMS switching from 23 nm to 10 nm.