Abstract
Periodontal disease is clearly correlated with systemic disease. The presence of periodontal pathogens in interdental spaces in young, healthy adults is a strong indicator of the need to introduce daily interdental prophylaxis. Twenty-five subjects (aged 18–35 years), diagnosticated clinically as periodontally healthy, were enrolled in this study. One hundred interdental sites were included. Among these sites, 50 “test” sites were cleaned daily with calibrated interdental brushes (IDBs), whereas the other 50 sites were not cleaned and considered “controls”. The interdental biofilm at these interdental sites was collected at the beginning of the study (basal) and at 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, and 3 months. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methodology was used to quantify (i) 19 periodontal bacteria, including Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia, and (ii) total bacteria. In the test sites, the quantity of total bacteria decreased over time with the use of IDBs. The bacteria from the red and orange Socransky complexes, which are associated with periodontal disease, significantly decreased in the test sites but not in the control sites. Bacteria from the yellow, and purple Socransky complexes, which are associated with periodontal health, increased significantly in both groups whereas bacteria from the blue Socransky complex increased significantly only in the test sites. Furthermore, at basal, 66% of test sites and 68% of control sites bled during interdental brushing. These percentages decreased by 85% in 3 months for the test sites and by 27% in the control sites. In conclusion, the daily use of calibrated IDBs can reduce periodontal pathogens, reestablish symbiotic microbiota and, decrease interdental inflammation in interdental sites of healthy young adults.
Highlights
Periodontal disease (ICD-10 KO5.3), with a prevalence estimated at 750 847 000 cases in 195 countries and territories[1], is an oral infectious disease caused by complex interactions between the microbial biofilm and host immune responses[2]
The bleeding during interdental brushing decreased by 47% after one week of the daily use of interdental brushes (IDBs) and 85% after 3 months in the test sites, whereas no significant change was observed in the control sites (Fig. 2 and Table 3)
Our study demonstrates that the use of IDBs in addition to toothbrushing decrease significantly the total number of bacteria at 4 weeks and 3 months and, re-establish the symbiotic microbiota by decreasing the quantity of bacteria associated with periodontal health and decreasing the quantity of bacteria associated with periodontal disease
Summary
Periodontal disease (ICD-10 KO5.3), with a prevalence estimated at 750 847 000 cases in 195 countries and territories[1], is an oral infectious disease caused by complex interactions between the microbial biofilm and host immune responses[2]. Red complex bacteria (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, Tannerella forsythia) are the major etiologic agents that contribute to a high risk of chronic periodontitis by modulating the host inflammatory response[10]. The major explanation is that interdental spaces are a unique and real ecological niche, for which the body has few or no alternative defenses and where traditional daily hygiene methods are not adequate for disrupting biofilm[12]. This effective presence of virulent pathogens in healthy young adults is a strong indicator of the need to initiate new methods for disrupting interdental biofilm in daily oral hygiene. The aim of the present study was to determine the bacterial efficacy of the use of calibrated IDBs on red and orange complex bacteria in young adults without chronic periodontal complaints
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