Abstract
The influence of triterpenoid saponins on subcellular morphological changes in the cells of parasitic nematodes remains poorly understood. Our study examines the effect of oleanolic acid glucuronides from marigold (Calendula officinalis) on the possible modification of immunogenic proteins from infective Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri larvae (L3). Our findings indicate that the triterpenoid saponins alter the subcellular morphology of the larvae and prevent recognition of nematode-specific proteins by rabbit immune-IgG. TEM ultrastructure and HPLC analysis showed that microtubule and cytoskeleton fibres were fragmented by saponin treatment. MASCOT bioinformatic analysis revealed that in larvae exposed to saponins, the immune epitopes of their proteins altered. Several mitochondrial and cytoskeleton proteins involved in signalling and cellular processes were downregulated or degraded. As possible candidates, the following set of recognised proteins may play a key role in the immunogenicity of larvae: beta-tubulin isotype, alpha-tubulin, myosin, paramyosin isoform-1, actin, disorganized muscle protein-1, ATP-synthase, beta subunit, carboxyl transferase domain protein, glutamate dehydrogenase, enolase (phosphopyruvate hydratase), fructose-bisphosphate aldolase 2, tropomyosin, arginine kinase or putative chaperone protein DnaK, and galactoside-binding lectin. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD024205.
Highlights
Parasites are often susceptible to natural compounds, suggesting that plant products may enhance, or eventually replace, chemical drugs in the antiparasitic treatment of human and animals [1,2]
Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri larvae cultured from the eggs to L3 stage for 10 days were harvested and used for Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analysis
Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri larvae cultured from the eggs to 3L3 stage for of 22 were harvested and used for Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analysi verse and longitudinal sections of the anterior part of the larvae were taken and ex Changes were observed in the ultrastructure ofhypodermis, the cuticle,muscle hypodermis, muscle c
Summary
Parasites are often susceptible to natural compounds, suggesting that plant products may enhance, or eventually replace, chemical drugs in the antiparasitic treatment of human and animals [1,2]. It is possible to artificially synthesise many naturally occurring active factors, plants remain a ready source of bioactive products such as tannins, flavonoids or saponins [3,4]. The distinct activity of these compounds against parasites seems to result from specific targeting at the molecular level. One group of plant-derived factors that has aroused considerable interest from the veterinary and biomedical sciences due to their positive and negative effects on various organisms are the pentacyclic triterpenoids; their effect on cell structure remains largely uncharacterised [8]. A fuller understanding of these plant products would support the design of biodegradable and effective drugs for livestock and food production
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