Abstract
The calculation of maximum penetration is crucial for planning renewable energy integration and ensuring the safe operation of power systems. This paper proposes a method for calculating maximum penetration under kinetic energy constraints. In scenarios where renewable energy lacks additional frequency control, we construct a frequency response model to reveal the energy change mechanism during active disturbances. By converting the frequency constraint into a kinetic energy constraint, we derive an analytical expression for maximum penetration under these constraints. Key influencing factors were quantitatively analyzed, revealing nonlinear relationships between system capacity, frequency constraints, and maximum penetration, while also calculating the minimum operational generator capacity. When renewable energy participates in frequency control, its frequency regulation can significantly enhance maximum penetration. However, frequency oscillations caused by time delays in current source frequency control become the primary constraint. The proposed method and conclusions are validated using actual sending-end and receiving-end grid data, providing valuable guidance for grid operation planning.
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