Abstract
To understand brain circuits of cognitive behaviors under natural conditions, we developed techniques for imaging neuronal activities from large neuronal populations in the deep layer cortex of the naturally behaving common marmoset. Animals retrieved food pellets or climbed ladders as a miniature fluorescence microscope monitored hundreds of calcium indicator-expressing cortical neurons in the right primary motor cortex. This technique, which can be adapted to other brain regions, can deepen our understanding of brain circuits by facilitating longitudinal population analyses of neuronal representation associated with cognitive naturalistic behaviors and their pathophysiological processes.
Highlights
There is considerable interest in non-human primates (NHPs) as a neuroscientific model
NHPs can be used to study the neural circuits underlying social, cognitive, and motor behaviors that are highly relevant to humans
We tested the system capability during naturalistic behavior in the marmosets, who engaged in a leverpulling task while sitting (Figure 1D), and observed the activity of individual neurons during the task (Figure 1E)
Summary
There is considerable interest in non-human primates (NHPs) as a neuroscientific model. Two-photon microscopy, in combination with fluorescent, genetically encoded calcium indicators, has allowed the visualization of subcellular, single cellular, and ensemble neural dynamics and has become feasible in head-fixed monkeys (Nauhaus et al, 2012; Sadakane et al, 2015a; Seidemann et al, 2016; Yamada et al, 2016; Li et al, 2017; Ebina et al, 2018). Complex behavior such as social interaction cannot be properly investigated using head fixation protocols. We demonstrate endoscopic miniature microscope imaging of multi-neuronal calcium transients in behaving NHPs
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