Abstract
Summary Steamflooding is a widely used technique for heavy-oil recovery. Scale control during steamflooding, however, can be challenging because the high temperature of the steamflood can decompose thermally unstable inhibitors and/or lead to the precipitation of metal-inhibitor pseudoscale. In this paper, we present the analysis of the scaling risk and scale inhibition for a pilot steamflood project in a Middle Eastern oil field. The formation of this field is a dolomite formation interbedded with anhydrite (CaSO4) streaks. Anhydrite has been observed to be the predominant scale form. Anhydrite scale was presumably formed by the increased production-system temperature resulting from steamflooding and/or the mixing of steam condensate with connate water at equilibrium with calcium sulfate minerals at lower temperature and higher solubility. Anhydrite is inherently difficult to control because of its high solubility and the high-temperature (HT) conditions under which it forms. Compared with barite and calcite, only limited knowledge has been acquired for anhydrite control. To predict the scaling tendency and inhibitor need in different wells of this field with different supersaturation levels and temperatures, a scaling-risk model has been developed. To build such a model, detailed and revised laboratory procedures have been developed to study nucleation and precipitation kinetics of anhydrite at 125–175°C, different supersaturation, different water composition, and long reaction time. Predictions of this scaling-risk model suggest a saturation index (SI) of 0.8 as a critical SI for anhydrite control at >125°C. For example, when the SI is above 0.8, anhydrite will be difficult to control in the presence of threshold inhibitor. Model predictions were benchmarked with the water-chemistry data from a total of more than 20 wells from this field, and were found to be consistent with field observations of scale occurrence in different wells. With the recommended inhibitor concentrations, anhydrite scale has been controlled in this field, which provides validation that the proposed scaling-risk model is a powerful tool to optimize the scale-treatment plan for anhydrite.
Published Version
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