Abstract
In regenerative approaches, scaffolds play a crucial role in defining the 3-D anatomical shape and microenvironment for regenerative cells, while maintaining space, favoring regeneration of new bone, and preventing soft tissue migration in the bony lesion. A variety of materials have been explored as scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration. Metals are generally inappropriate for such applications because they lack the desired degradability in a biological environment requiring a second surgery. Synthetic polymers can provide physical strength and engineered chemical properties however, they do not have optimal ease of handling or predictable biodegradation rate. In contrast to these scaffolds, calcium sulfate, also known as Plaster of Paris, is a highly biocompatible and biodegradable material that is one of the simplest synthetic bone-like grafts. It has been sued as a graft material in orthopedics and dentistry for more than one hundred years. The present review illustrates and examines current advances regarding calcium sulfate sources, various properties,scaffold forms, and clinical applications for bone tissue engineering.Additionally,it also describesNanocrystallinecalcium sulfate. Keywords: Calcium sulfate; Gypsum; Plaster of Paris; Graft; Regeneration
Highlights
Tissue engineering isan interdisciplinary field that applies the principles of engineering and life sciences toward the development of biological substitutes that restore, maintain, or improve tissue function or a whole organ.Tissue engineering has been defined as “understanding the principles of tissue growth and applying this to produce functional replacement tissue for clinical use [1,2]
When gypsum is heated to 110°C, it loses water in a process known as the process of calcination.This results in the loss of water from Calcium sulfate leading to the formation of Calcium sulfate hemihydrate[26]
Research on animals and humans with infrared spectroscopy confirm that once Calcium sulfate is implanted in the body, Calcium ions are combined with phosphate ions from the body fluids to form Calciumphosphate, which is osteoconductive and in this way a network of biological apatite stimulates bone growth in the defect[59].The dissolution of Calcium sulfate and Calcium phosphate precipitation causes a local decrease in pH.The pH decrease causes the demineralization of the bone surface exposing bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) releasing growth factors, TGF-b, and others contained in the bone matrix[60].Growth factors stimulate the formation of new blood vessels and bone formation
Summary
Tissue engineering isan interdisciplinary field that applies the principles of engineering and life sciences toward the development of biological substitutes that restore, maintain, or improve tissue function or a whole organ.Tissue engineering has been defined as “understanding the principles of tissue growth and applying this to produce functional replacement tissue for clinical use [1,2]. It involves the use of a combination of cells, engineering and materials methods, and suitable biochemical and physio-chemical factors to improve or replace biological functions. This paper aimed to highlight the properties of Calcium sulfate and the various combinations as well as clinical applications in the dental as well as the medical field and to provide future directions in research
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