Abstract
Bisphosphonates (BPs) are the most utilized drugs for the treatment of osteoporosis, and are usefully employed also for other pathologies characterized by abnormally high bone resorption, including bone metastases. Due to the great affinity of these drugs for calcium ions, calcium phosphates are ideal delivery systems for local administration of BPs to bone, which is aimed to avoid/limit the undesirable side effects of their prolonged systemic use. Direct synthesis in aqueous medium and chemisorptions from solution are the two main routes proposed to synthesize BP functionalized calcium phosphates. The present review overviews the information acquired through the studies on the interaction between bisphosphonate molecules and calcium phosphates. Moreover, particular attention is addressed to some important recent achievements on the applications of BP functionalized calcium phosphates as biomaterials for bone substitution/repair.
Highlights
The main inorganic components of the hard tissues of vertebrates are calcium orthophosphates (CaPs)
The mineral phase of bone is described as a calcium phosphate similar to synthetic hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, HA), it differs from HA in several aspects, including poor crystallinity, small crystal dimensions and non-stoichiometry due to the presence of a number of associated foreign ions [1]
HA is the calcium orthophosphate more similar to the mineral phase of bone, the number of biocompatible and bioactive CaPs includes several members, such as octacalcium phosphate (Ca8(HPO4)2(PO4)4·5H2O, OCP), tricalcium phosphate, both as α-TCP and β-TCP, dicalcium phosphate in the dihydrate (CaHPO4·2H2O, DCPD) and anhydrous (CaHPO4, DCPA) forms, and tetracalcium phosphate (Ca4(PO4)2, TTCP)
Summary
The main inorganic components of the hard tissues of vertebrates are calcium orthophosphates (CaPs). The problem requires the development of suitable materials for the substitution and repair of damaged tissues. A successful biomaterial should be able to interact with and bond to the surrounding biological tissue, a requirement which can be best achieved the more the synthetic material resembles the biological one in terms of structure, composition, morphology and functionality [2]. On this basis, CaPs are widely employed in the preparation of biomaterials for bone tissue substitution and repair. Tahtoismrainnkthweairs Rco2nsfiidrmeecdhabiyn tthheanrensuolnts-noiftraogchenrocmoanttoagirnaipnhgicBsPtus.dPyo[t1e4n].tiSalliginhttleyraction of N-BdPifsfewreintht rtahnekHorAdesrus rwfaecree fwouansdsiumsiungladteifdfeuresnint mg e3tDhocdosm[1p5u].tHatoiwoneavlerm, tohdereeliinsgge[n1e1r,a1l6a].grTeheme reenstults of thhyedserosoccgtoonuenmntdthpaiebieunsogtianrnitengidaodtsnBei.acrPlaOsbmt.ipenoPtdtdiohimnetaelgtainnlnatgifbiaftl[iirn1no1iidntg,y1tiee6nnor]gfa. ccTBhathPinaoessnbwrbieonisetfudhelnNtatso-ncBoatifPthlrscteohugehwlesayniettdheasrtdtouothxdmtoeyielisonHgcitArnchodueuisircrpuaaRrtofte2anactsheitbdahotweenncaHihdstarAoasinignmsetgunhulraelfcanaat≥cenned1ob2nfiuon5-nsrd◦imintatrgoionngdt3gheDneaNb-Hon-Od distanhcyedorof xayblogurtou3pÅo. nThtheemHoAlescuurlfaarcestfrourcmtuinrge Nof-Hal-eOndhyrodnroagteencobmonpdlse. tOelpytifmualfil lblsintdhinesgehraesqbueireenments, whichcaalrceulasatetdistfioeodccaulrsoat bayboznodleadngrolen≥a1t2e5,°wanhderaebaosntdhdeisotarinecnetoaftiaobnouotf nÅi.trTohgeemnoilnecurilsaer dstrrounctautree is not suitabolef faolernhdyrodnraotgeecnobmopnledtienlyg f[u1l1f]il.ls these requirements, which are satisfied by zoledronate, whereas the orientation of nitrogen in risedronate is not suitable for hydrogen bonding [11]
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