Abstract
This work investigated the ability of electropolished Ti surface to induce Hydroxyapatite (HA) nucleation and growth in vitro via a biomimetic method in Simulated Body Fluid (SBF). The HA induction ability of Ti surface upon electropolishing was compared to that of Ti substrates modified with common chemical methods including alkali, acidic and hydrogen peroxide treatments. Our results revealed the excellent ability of electropolished Ti surfaces in inducing the formation of bone-like HA at the Ti/SBF interface. The chemical composition, crystallinity and thickness of the HA coating obtained on the electropolished Ti surface was found to be comparable to that achieved on the surface of alkali treated Ti substrate, one of the most effective and popular chemical treatments. The surface characteristics of electropolished Ti contributing to HA growth were discussed thoroughly.
Highlights
Titanium (Ti) and its alloys are popular biomaterials for load-bearing endosseous implants, because they exhibit a combination of favorable properties such as adequate mechanical strength, sufficientJ
The HA coating is produced by immersing the surface in a solution supersaturated with respect to HA at a physiological temperature and pH, and a better HA integration onto metallic surface is achieved
Common chemical methods rely on the use of hydrogen peroxide [13], alkaline [7,14,15,16] or acidic solutions [17]
Summary
Titanium (Ti) and its alloys are popular biomaterials for load-bearing endosseous implants, because they exhibit a combination of favorable properties such as adequate mechanical strength, sufficientJ. In terms of bone bonding, Ti can bond to bone [3], the osteointegration does not occur well with unmodified Ti surfaces [2] and the bio-passive properties of Ti surfaces usually hinder the healing process [4] To overcome such difficulties, there has been a growing interest in surface coating of Ti implants with Hydroxyapatite (HA), so that great osteoconductivity of HA combines with excellent mechanical properties of Ti. Popularity of HA among other calcium phosphate phases is because of its thermodynamic stability in biological conditions [5] and its existence in bone mineral phase. HA deposition has been observed on positively charged SAMs, which indicates that, depending on experimental conditions (e.g., pH, temperature and ionic concentration of the SBF), various mineralization mechanisms with initial homogeneous and/or heterogeneous nucleation of apatite may occur [25]
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