Abstract
The waste shell was utilized as a bioresource of calcium oxide (CaO) in catalyzing a transesterification to produce biodiesel (methyl ester). The economic and environmen-friendly catalysts were prepared by a calcination method at 700–1,000°C for 4 h. The heterogeneous catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method. The effects of reaction variables such as reaction time, reaction temperature, methanol/oil molar ratio, and catalyst loading on the yield of biodiesel were investigated. Reusability of waste shell catalyst was also examined. The results indicated that the CaO catalysts derived from waste shell showed good reusability and had high potential to be used as biodiesel production catalysts in transesterification of palm oil with methanol.
Highlights
Alternative energies have been focused worldwide because of recent energy crisis
With the increase in calcination temperature, CaCO3 completely transforms to calcium oxide (CaO) by evolving the carbon dabiooxviede90(0C∘OC2m). aTinhley composition of consists of the calcined catalyst active ingredient at and (CaO)
Using cost-effective and environment-friendly catalysts is useful for the production of biodiesel
Summary
Alternative energies have been focused worldwide because of recent energy crisis. Biodiesel is one of the interesting alternative fuels which can be produced from renewable sources [1] It can be synthesized through transesterification of oil or esterification of fats using basic or acidic catalysts with heating functions [2]. Among the heterogeneous catalysts that are being used in transesterification, calcium oxide (CaO) has a promising place, and many reports have been published on CaO-catalyzed transesterification using laboratory grade It is cheap, abundantly available in nature (as limestone), and some of the sources of this compound are renewable (waste material consisting of calcium carbonate, CaCO3) [5]. The catalyst synthesized with the waste shells opens door for renewable catalyst and at the same time recycles the waste generated Utilization of these waste materials reduces the catalyst cost and promotes environmentally benign process. The effects of reaction time, reaction temperature, methanol/oil molar ratio, catalyst loading, and reusability of catalyst were systematically investigated
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