Calcium Entry Blockers for the Treatment of Severe Hypertension and Hypertensive Crisis

Abstract

Calcium entry blockers (diltiazem, nifedipine, and verapamil) are currently indicated for the treatment of patients with vasospastic and chronic stable angina pectoris. The calcium entry blocking actions of these drugs cause potent peripheral vasodilatory and antihypertensive effects in human subjects. The drugs have proved beneficial in the treatment of patients with severe hypertension and hypertensive emergencies. Single oral, sublingual, and intravenous doses of these drugs have been shown to rapidly and smoothly reduce blood pressure in adults and children, without significant untoward effects. The absolute reduction in blood pressure with treatment appears to be inversely correlated with the pretreatment blood pressure level, and few episodes of hypotension have been reported. Combinations of calcium entry blockers with other antihypertensive regimens have also proved effective. Some patients experience a mild increase in heart rate with nifedipine, an effect that appears to be inversely related to age. Side effects are minimal and not life-threatening. Continuous hemodynamic monitoring of patients does not seem necessary in most cases. The role of calcium entry blockade in the treatment of hypertensive emergencies still needs to be established in relation to other available approved drug regimens for this condition.