Abstract
The effect of adding calcium on the microstructural evolution and properties of the Ti-Ca-O system has been investigated. Calcium-doped titanium (Ti-Ca) thin films were prepared by dual electron beam deposition with the assistance of an oxygen ion beam. The films were characterized by glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GD-OES), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), to determine the elemental composition, chemical bonds and crystallinity. Oxygen ion assistance produces non-completely oxidized Ti-Ca films. The addition of calcium led to increased formation and stabilization of titanium oxides in the titanium matrix under conditions of oxygen deficiency. Replacement of Ti by Ca in TiO and TiO2 was observed, rather than the formation of a CaO and TiCaO mixture. Compound formation, crystallite growth and lattice expansion with rising Ca concentration induced an increase in mechanical properties (hardness and reduced elastic modulus) and surface roughness. High Ca concentration (5 at%) led to a significant reduction in mechanical properties, and above 1 at% led to a significant reduction in adhesion strength. The Ti-Ca films showed hydrophobic behaviour. The water contact angle followed the increasing trend of Ca concentration and surface roughness. There is a discussion of the changes in the studied properties.
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