Calcium‐Dependent and ‐Independent Acetylcholine Release from Electric Organ Synaptosomes by Pardaxin: Evidence of a Biphasic Action of an Excitatory Neurotoxin

Abstract

The effect of pardaxin, a new excitatory neurotoxin, on neurotransmitter release was tested using purely cholinergic synaptosomes of Torpedo marmorata electric organ. Pardaxin elicited the release of acetylcholine with a biphasic dose dependency. At low concentrations (up to 3 x 10(-7) M), the release was calcium-dependent and synaptosomal structure was well preserved as revealed by electron microscopy and measurements of occluded lactate dehydrogenase activity. At concentrations from 3 x 10(-7) M to 10(-5) M, the pardaxin-induced release of acetylcholine was independent of extracellular calcium, and occluded synaptosomal lactate dehydrogenase activity was lowered, indicating a synaptosomal membrane perturbation. Electron microscopy of 10(-6) M pardaxin-treated synaptosomes revealed nerve terminals depleted of synaptic vesicles and containing cisternae. At higher toxin concentrations (> or = 10(-5) M), there were striking effects on synaptosomal morphology and occluded lactate dehydrogenase activity, suggesting a membrane lytic effect. We conclude that, at low concentrations, this neurotoxin is a promising tool to investigate calcium-dependent mechanisms of neurotransmitter release in the nervous system.