Abstract
Previously, we have shown the possibility of intramucosal gastric carcinoma induction by the intragastric administration of a mixture of formaldehyde and hydrogen peroxide in rats. In this study, we report a sizable increase in carcinogenic properties of the mixture when a suspension containing calcium carbonate nanoparticles was added to it. This technique allowed us to reduce both the number of the carcinogen administrations from twelve to two and the time to the cancer induction from six to four months. Although the induced tumors were represented by the intramucosal carcinomas, they were characterized by the extensive invasion of individual tumor cells and their clusters into the muscle layer and serosa as well as into the omentum and blood vessels. Considering that the invasive tumor cells were positive for vimentin, Snail and TGF-β2, we concluded that their invasion was the result of the activation of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) mechanisms. Thus, taking into account the data obtained, it can be assumed that under the conditions of inflammation or carcinogenesis, the calcium carbonate nanoparticles may affect the activation of EMT mechanisms.
Highlights
Gastric cancer (GC) is the fifth most common cancer in the world and has the third highest mortality rate [1,2]
The tumors were represented by intramucosal carcinomas and observed only in the stomach body
The study of the mechanisms associated with metastasis of malignant tumors is of fundamental The study of the mechanisms associated with metastasis of malignant tumors is of fundamental importance for predicting the risk of metastasis, its prevention and its successful treatment
Summary
Gastric cancer (GC) is the fifth most common cancer in the world and has the third highest mortality rate [1,2]. Most cases of GC are diagnosed at an advanced stage with metastasis, and have poor prognosis [2,3]. In this regard, studying the mechanisms of GC progression is an urgent task and experimental modeling plays an important role. Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a crucial process for malignant tumors metastasis which is still the major cause of cancer-related deaths [4,5]. It has been shown that nanoparticles (NPs) can stimulate metastasis [7], by increasing the level of TGF-β, one Biomedicines 2019, 7, 21; doi:10.3390/biomedicines7010021 www.mdpi.com/journal/biomedicines
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