Calcium Carbonate/Gelatin Methacrylate Microspheres for 3D Cell Culture in Bone Tissue Engineering.

Abstract

Hydrogel microspheres have been widely used as cell carriers and three-dimensional cell culture matrices. However, these microspheres are associated with several unfavorable properties for bone tissue engineering applications, for example, their surface is too smooth to attach cells and they do not contain inorganic materials. This article presents a new method to overcome these disadvantages by depositing CaCO3 crystals on the hydrogel microsphere surface. Specifically, we used a nonplanar flow-focusing microfluidic device to produce gelatin methacrylate (GelMA)-/Na2CO3-based microspheres. We subsequently obtained CaCO3 crystals by a chemical reaction between Na2CO3 and CaCl2. The efficacy of this method was demonstrated by in vitro experiments with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and immortalized mouse embryonic fibroblasts (iMEF). Cell culture on GelMA/CaCO3 microspheres showed that cells can easily attach and adhere to GelMA/CaCO3 microspheres and maintain high viability. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression was increased as well. These results suggest that this novel microsphere has a high potential for bone tissue engineering applications. Impact statement Microspheres as cell culture substrates have attracted a great deal of attention. The combination of organic and inorganic materials offers the unique merits in bone tissue engineering. In this study, there are two contributions. First, the organic and inorganic material of gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) and CaCO3 were successfully combined, especially, CaCO3 was formed as crystals to enhance cell attachment. Second, microspheres were successfully fabricated with one-step process: that is, the microfluidic technique was coupled with the CaCO3 precipitation in situ. Cell culture shows that the GelMA/CaCO3 microspheres proposed in this study have a high potential for bone tissue engineering applications.