Calcitriol modulates epidermal tight junction barrier function in human keratinocytes

Abstract

BackgroundThe aberrant expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins play an important role in several diseases with impaired skin barriers, including atopic dermatitis, psoriasis, and chronic wounds. The evidence provided thus far suggests an important role of calcitriol in skin homeostasis. However, it is not known whether calcitriol improves the impaired skin barrier. ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of calcitriol on TJ barrier function in human primary keratinocytes. MethodsNormal human primary keratinocytes were stimulated with calcitriol, and the expression of TJ-related proteins was measured by real-time PCR and Western blotting. Immunofluorescence was used to examine the intercellular distribution of TJ-related proteins. TJ barrier function was assessed by the transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) assay. ResultsWe demonstrated that calcitriol increased the expression levels of TJ-related proteins, including claudin-4, claudin-7, occludin, and zonula occludens (ZO)− 1. Calcitriol enhanced the distribution of TJ-related proteins at cellcell borders and induced the phosphorylation of pathways involved in the regulation of TJ barrier function, such as atypical protein kinase C (aPKC), Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), and protein kinase B (Akt), as evidenced by the effects of specific inhibitors on the above pathways. Indeed, we confirmed that calcitriol enhanced TER in keratinocyte monolayers. ConclusionThese findings showed that calcitriol could modify the expression of keratinocyte TJ proteins, contributing to the maintenance of homeostatic barrier function.