Calcimimetic agents: Review and perspectives

Abstract

Recognition of the role of the extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) in mineral metabolism has greatly improved our understanding of calcium homeostasis. The activation of this receptor by small changes in the extracellular ionized calcium (ec(Ca2+)) regulates PTH, calcitonin secretion, urinary calcium excretion, and, ultimately, bone turnover. The cloning of the CaR and the discovery of mutations that make the receptor less or more sensitive to calcium have allowed a better understanding of several hereditary disorders characterized by either hyperparathyroidism or hypoparathyroidism. The CaR, able to amplify the sensitivity of the CaR to Ca++ and suppress PTH levels with a resulting decrease in blood Ca++, became an ideal target for the development of compounds, the calcimimetics. Experience with the calcimimetic R-568 in patients with primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism and parathyroid carcinoma are summarized. The first clinical studies with the first-generation calcimimetic agents have demonstrated their efficacy in lowering plasma intact PTH concentration in uremic patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism. However, the low bioavailability of these first calcimimetics predicts a difficult clinical utilization. The second-generation calcimimetic, AMG 073, having a better pharmacokinetic profile, appears to be effective and safe for the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism, suppressing PTH levels while simultaneously reducing serum phosphorus levels and the calcium x phosphorus product. The advantage of controlling PTH secretion without the complications related to hypercalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, and increased calcium x phosphorus product is very promising.