Abstract
The aim of this article is to analyze the complex reality of frontier towns through a significant example: the town of Calatrava in the 12th century. The study starts with the incorporation of Calatrava and its area into te kingdom of Alfonso VII of Castile-Leon. After that, there began a difficult period that passed through four significant phases: the first decade of Christian control; the establishment of Calatrava dominion; the period of Almohad control; and, finally, the Christian recovery, that involved the extended decay of the named town. This is the end of the paper. Beside the special circumstances in which the frontier town of Calatrava was entangled, the article deals also with the economical activities, the fuero that Alfonso VII granted to the town, the organization of its council and the peculiar ecclesiastical organization, as a result of the presence there of the Military Order of Calatrava. The article ends with the edition of two documents of the 12th century, that are kept in the Section of Ordenes Militares of the Archivo Historico Nacional (Madrid).
Highlights
EL FINAL DE LA ÉPOCA DE ESPLENDOR DE CALATRAVAPara el verano de 1212, Castilla preparaba un gran ejército para derrotar a los musulmanes
The aim of this article is to analyze the complex reality of frontier towns through a significant example: the town of Calatrava in the 12th century
The study strarts with the incorporation of Calatrava and its area into te kingdom of Alfonso VII of Castile-Leon
Summary
Para el verano de 1212, Castilla preparaba un gran ejército para derrotar a los musulmanes. Caballeros y otros miembros del ejército castellano les socorrieron como pudieron y el propio arzobispo toledano Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada entregó toda la plata que tenía a su alcance y decidió quedarse en Calatrava, proporcionando a la población el sustento diario. Siguiendo la versión de la Crónica latina, aceptñási después por casi todos los historiadores, esa fortaleza era la de Dueñas —-recuperada por Alfonso VIII en 1213 y cedida a los freires calatravos^"^—, que a partir de entonces sería conocida con el nombré de Calatrava la Nueva^^, mientras que la primitiva tomaría el nombre de Calatrava la Vieja, para distinguirla de la anterior. ^^O'CALLAGHAN, Sobre los orígenes de Calatrava la Nueva, pp. 494-504
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