Abstract
Caffeic acid is one of the most abundant hydroxycinnamic acids in fruits, vegetables, and beverages. This phenolic compound reaches relevant concentrations in the colon (up to 126 µM) where it could come into contact with the intestinal cells and exert its anti-inflammatory effects. The aim of this investigation was to study the capacity of caffeic acid, at plausible concentrations from an in vivo point of view, to modulate mechanisms related to intestinal inflammation. Consequently, we tested the effects of caffeic acid (50–10 µM) on cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression and prostaglandin (PG)E2, cytokines, and chemokines (IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 -MCP-1-, and IL-6) biosynthesis in IL-1β-treated human myofibroblasts of the colon, CCD-18Co. Furthermore, the capacity of caffeic acid to inhibit the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity, to hinder advanced glycation end product (AGE) formation, as well as its antioxidant, reducing, and chelating activity were also investigated. Our results showed that (i) caffeic acid targets COX-2 and its product PGE2 as well as the biosynthesis of IL-8 in the IL-1β-treated cells and (ii) inhibits AGE formation, which could be related to (iii) the high chelating activity exerted. Low anti-ACE, antioxidant, and reducing capacity of caffeic acid was also observed. These effects of caffeic acid expands our knowledge on anti-inflammatory mechanisms against intestinal inflammation.
Highlights
We have investigated the effects of this phenolic acid, using concentrations reported in vivo (50–10 μM), on IL-1β-stimulated myofibroblasts of the colon as a relevant human model of intestinal inflammation
Under the conditions of the assays, the cell viability of the myofibroblasts cotreated with IL-1β and caffeic acid was similar to that observed in control cells, indicating a lack of cytotoxic effects (Supplementary Figure S1)
The bar graph shows the data as the average ± standard deviation (SD) of three independent experiments (n = 3)
Summary
Caffeic acid is one of the most abundant hydroxycinnamic acids in fruits, vegetables, and beverages This phenolic compound reaches relevant concentrations in the colon (up to 126 μM). Where it could come into contact with the intestinal cells and exert its anti-inflammatory effects The aim of this investigation was to study the capacity of caffeic acid, at plausible concentrations from an in vivo point of view, to modulate mechanisms related to intestinal inflammation. Biosynthesis in IL-1β-treated human myofibroblasts of the colon, CCD-18Co. the capacity of caffeic acid to inhibit the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity, to hinder advanced glycation end product (AGE) formation, as well as its antioxidant, reducing, and chelating activity were investigated. Low anti-ACE, antioxidant, and reducing capacity of caffeic acid was observed These effects of caffeic acid expands our knowledge on anti-inflammatory mechanisms against intestinal inflammation
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