Cadmium Uptake, In Vivo Metastasis and Subcellular Environmental Response of Five Wetland Plants Using DFT Method

Zheng Zeng,Wei-Ge Luo,Fa-Cheng Yi,Zhe Wang

doi:10.3390/su13147872

Abstract

The main purpose of this study is to analyze whether Cd2+ affects the absorption of Ca2+ and Fe2+ by the roots of five wetland plants and the toxic mechanism of cadmium on the subcellular structure. Five wetland plant samples were collected from the constructed wetland in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. Based on the experiment and density function theory (DFT), we measured the Cd2+ content in the root, stem, and leaf, the morphological dimensions of plants, and in the subcellular structure the electronic activity of Cd compound was calculated to describe the stability and activity of the products. In general, Zephyranthes candida,Cynodon dactylon, Arundo donax, and Pontederia cordata have distinct cadmium uptake characteristics, while Phragmites communis does not. The results indicated tolerance to cadmium in all but Phragmites communis, which was due to cadmium distribution through the process of transpiration and a mechanical interception. The simulation results showed that Cd2+ imposed no obvious inhibition on the absorption of Ca2+ and Fe2+ in plants, as the energy barrier of the process is about 1–3 eV. Cd2+ could improve the amount of pyruvate and glucose by 30% via spd orbital hybridization, making them more chemically reactive. At the same time, Cd2+ could replace Mg2+ in chlorophyll through a copper substitution reaction, making the electron energy of chlorophyll more concentrated. As a result, the valence-band electron at −40 eV was vacant. In conclusion, we determined that Cd2+ has no obvious inhibitory effect on Ca2+ and Fe2+ in root absorption and that Cd2+ could affect the properties of compounds of the subcellular structure and thus produce physiological toxicity.

Highlights

Cadmium is not an essential element for plant growth and development, it can be absorbed by plants through the root system and accumulate in the plant
A previous work [11] showed that the upper reaches of the Tuojiang River in Southwest China was polluted by cadmium, while the water quality in the lower reaches was in good condition
The formula is as follows: Eb = Ec − (Eo + Em) where Eb is the reaction barrier, Ec is the final energy of organometallic complexes, Em is the final energy of metal salt, and Eo is the final energy of organic acids

Summary

Introduction

Cadmium is not an essential element for plant growth and development, it can be absorbed by plants through the root system and accumulate in the plant. In order to verify the physiological toxicity of cadmium, the changes of the main organic compounds in the subcellular structure after cadmium contamination in chloroplasts and mitochondrion were calculated. The pyruvate and glucose contaminated by cadmium will continue to participate in the metabolic process of cells, but the subsequent physiological process will be affected due to the change of electron energy distribution (density of states). Research observed some important enzymes have a range of activity decline of 20–80% under a continued high concentration of Cd stress [66]

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Conclusion