Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is one of non-essential heavy metals which is released into environment naturally or anthropogenically. It is highly persistent toxic metals that are exceptionally distressing industrial and agriculture activities by contaminating soil, water and food. Its long-duration endurance in soil and water results in accumulation and uptake into plants, leading to the food chain. This becomes a serious global problem threatening humans and animals as food chain components. Living organisms, especially humans, are exposed to Cd through plants as one of the main vegetative food sources. This review paper is concentrated on the symptoms of the plants affected by Cd toxicity. The absorption of Cd triggers several seen and unseen symptoms by polluted plants such as stunted growth, chlorosis, necrosis and wilting. Apart from that, factors that affect the uptake and translocation of Cd in plants are elaborated to understand the mechanism that contributes to its accumulation. By insight of Cd accumulation, this review also discussed the phytoremediation techniques-phytoextraction, phytostimulation, phytostabilization, phytovolatization and rhizofiltration in bioremediating the Cd.
Highlights
Heavy metals are inevitably drawing global attention due to their well-known toxicity effects on human health and the environment
Materials and Methods This review study makes use of a collection of journals obtained from a journal database as well as a literature review of worldwide scientific journals written in English to conduct its research
The absorption of Cd by plants root followed by translocation to upper plant parts results in Cd bioaccumulation in plants
Summary
Heavy metals are inevitably drawing global attention due to their well-known toxicity effects on human health and the environment They are very persistent in our environment, including water, air and soil, instigating their bioaccumulation in the living organism. Cadmium (Cd) has, been described as the most troublesome heavy metal due to its more significant discharge from industries (Chien et al, 2003) It has been articulated as unnecessary elements by living organisms for any physiological functions. This problem cannot be disregarded, as it inevitably could lead to chronic health problems (Ali et al, 2015a). This review seeks to provide an understanding of cadmium remediation alternatives in the context of phytoremediation approaches as well as factors of plant uptake, mode of absorption and bioaccumulation, and toxic effects of cadmium in plants
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