Abstract
Heavy metals pose a wide variety of challenges to aquatic organisms, especially to fish. These pollutants are uncommon, but are a major problem because of their toxicity, persistence and tendency for bio-accumulation in food chains. Cadmium is important because of its use in various industrial processes, and as a by product of zinc mining, fossil fuel, base metal smelting, combustion and atmospheric transport. Since this biologically non-essential element is highly toxic to aquatic organisms and is a known renal toxicant, there is a need to understand its effects on the kidneys of an edible fish Cyprinus carpio communis. This fish offers some unique experimental advantages for the study of cadmium renal toxicity due to its tolerance to temperature variations, toughness and biennial breeding. The natural level of cadmium - a stable non-volatile element, varies from 0.1 to 10 {mu}g/l in freshwater. However, anthropogenic processes discharge can increase this level from 50 {mu}g/1 to 10,00,000 {mu}g/1. 11 refs., 8 figs.
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