Abstract
To investigate whether Cd induces common plant defense pathways or unspecific necrosis, the temporal sequence of physiological reactions, including hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) production, changes in ascorbate-glutathione-related antioxidant systems, secondary metabolism (peroxidases, phenolics, and lignification), and developmental changes, was characterized in roots of hydroponically grown Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) seedlings. Cd (50 microM, 6 h) initially increased superoxide dismutase, inhibited the systems involved in H(2)O(2) removal (glutathione/glutathione reductase, catalase [CAT], and ascorbate peroxidase [APX]), and caused H(2)O(2) accumulation. Elongation of the roots was completely inhibited within 12 h. After 24 h, glutathione reductase activities recovered to control levels; APX and CAT were stimulated by factors of 5.5 and 1.5. Cell death was increased. After 48 h, nonspecific peroxidases and lignification were increased, and APX and CAT activities were decreased. Histochemical analysis showed that soluble phenolics accumulated in the cytosol of Cd-treated roots but lignification was confined to newly formed protoxylem elements, which were found in the region of the root tip that normally constitutes the elongation zone. Roots exposed to 5 microM Cd showed less pronounced responses and only a small decrease in the elongation rate. These results suggest that in cells challenged by Cd at concentrations exceeding the detoxification capacity, H(2)O(2) accumulated because of an imbalance of redox systems. This, in turn, may have triggered the developmental program leading to xylogenesis. In conclusion, Cd did not cause necrotic injury in root tips but appeared to expedite differentiation, thus leading to accelerated aging.
Highlights
To investigate whether Cd induces common plant defense pathways or unspecific necrosis, the temporal sequence of physiological reactions, including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production, changes in ascorbate-glutathione-related antioxidant systems, secondary metabolism, and developmental changes, was characterized in roots of hydroponically grown Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) seedlings
Histochemical analysis showed that soluble phenolics accumulated in the cytosol of Cd-treated roots but lignification was confined to newly formed protoxylem elements, which were found in the region of the root tip that normally constitutes the elongation zone
In plant-pathogen interactions, H2O2 induces an orchestrated sequence of reactions involving the activation of peroxidases, the stimulation of secondary metabolism, structural changes such as lignin deposition, and eventually cell death (Alvarez and Lamb, 1997). Because it is not known whether Cd induces common plant defense pathways, we investigated the sequence of physiological reactions, including H2O2 production, changes in ascorbate-glutathione-related antioxidant systems, secondary metabolism, developmental changes, and cell death, occurring in roots after Cd exposure
Summary
To investigate whether Cd induces common plant defense pathways or unspecific necrosis, the temporal sequence of physiological reactions, including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production, changes in ascorbate-glutathione-related antioxidant systems, secondary metabolism (peroxidases, phenolics, and lignification), and developmental changes, was characterized in roots of hydroponically grown Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) seedlings. Roots exposed to 5 m Cd showed less pronounced responses and only a small decrease in the elongation rate These results suggest that in cells challenged by Cd at concentrations exceeding the detoxification capacity, H2O2 accumulated because of an imbalance of redox systems. Cd accumulation causes reductions in photosynthesis, diminishes water and nutrient uptake (Sanita di Toppi and Gabbrielli, 1999), and results in visible symptoms of injury in plants such as chlorosis, growth inhibition, browning of root tips, and death (Kahle, 1993). The question as to how Cd acts at the cellular level and how plants may defend themselves against this pollutants is receiving increasing attention. Exposure to sublethal Cd concentrations resulted in the recovery of cellular glutathione concentrations and was accompanied by increased ␥-EC synthetase and glutathione synthetase mRNA transcript levels (Xiang and Oliver, 1998)
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