Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the association of cadmium exposure with the risk of prostate cancer in both the general and occupational populations. Online database searches were performed for studies of prostate cancer risk and cadmium exposure. Twelve cohort studies (5 in the general, 7 in occupational populations) and 9 case-control studies (3 in the general, 6 in occupational populations) were identified. Five/seven cohort studies in the general and occupational populations consist of 78,263/13, 434 participants with a mean follow-up of 12.1/43.0 years, respectively. Case-control studies include 334 cases/670 controls in the general population, and 1,315 cases/4,477 controls in occupational populations. Comparing the highest to the lowest category of cadmium exposure in the general population, the weighted relative risk of prostate cancer incidence and mortality among cohort studies, and the weighted odds ratio in case-control studies were 1.05 (95%CI [0.91, 1.22]), 0.83 (95%CI [0.35, 1.98]), and 1.27 (95%CI [0.58,2.78]), respectively. For occupational populations, the weighted OR in case-control studies was 1.17 (95%CI [0.85, 1.62]), and the weighted standardized mortality ratio in cohort studies was 98 (95%CI [75, 126]). Accumulated epidemiological evidence does not support the hypothesis that cadmium exposure may increase the risk of prostate cancer in either the general or occupational populations.
Highlights
ObjectivesWe aimed to evaluate the association of cadmium exposure with the risk of prostate cancer in both the general and occupational populations
Overall association between cadmium exposure and the risk of prostate cancer in both the general and occupational populations and to explore the dose-response relationship with updated literature
Among the 5 cohort studies in the general population, multivariable adjusted RRs of prostate cancer incidence by tertiles of dietary cadmium intake were reported in 2 studies[10,13]; multivariable adjusted HRs or RRs of prostate cancer mortality based on tertiles or quartiles of urinary cadmium concentrations were estimated in the other 3 studies[12,14,19]
Summary
We aimed to evaluate the association of cadmium exposure with the risk of prostate cancer in both the general and occupational populations. Two systematic reviews in early 2000s both concluded that epidemiological studies to date had not yielded sufficient evidence supporting the hazard of cadmium exposure to human prostate, but, no meta-analysis has been conducted to quantitatively examine the risk of prostate cancer in relation to cadmium exposure. Two systematic reviews in early 2000s both concluded that epidemiological studies to date had not yielded sufficient evidence supporting the hazard of cadmium exposure to human prostate, but, no meta-analysis has been conducted to quantitatively examine the risk of prostate cancer in relation to cadmium exposure. we aimed to quantitatively assess the
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